从国家立场到弱势关怀:高考公平的话语变迁  

Fairness in Gaokao-Based Admission System in China since 1949:A Discursive Institutionalist Approach

作　　者：韩月 Han Yue

机构地区：[1]浙江师范大学教师教育学院,金华321004

出　　处：《现代大学教育》2022年第2期1-8,112,共9页Modern University Education

基　　金：全国教育科学规划2017年度国家一般项目“新高考制度下普通高中课程改革的问题与对策研究”,项目编号:BHA170151。

摘　　要：中华人民共和国成立后,公平作为高考的重要理念得到多元化的实现。从群体差异的角度来看,高考公平具体呈现为某一群体教育权利的优先性,并具有时代变迁的特点。与其他的制度分析范式相比,话语制度主义较为关注制度变迁过程的理念力量,对于理解高考公平的中国经验具有一定的帮助。1949年至1998年,高考公平的理念立足国家立场,优先惠及工农阶级与才能优异者;1999年至今,高考公平的理念通过关怀弱者得到践行,优先满足制度或情境不利者的教育需求。从背景性话语的角度来看,非教育系统的指引、教育理念的现实支持、既得利益群体是限制高考公平实现程度的主要阻力;而从前景性话语来看,提升教育改革的支持、规划渐进式调节、明确序列化公平则是推进高考公平有效实现的重要助力。Fairness is regarded as an overarching principle for China’s college admission based on Gaokao,the National College Entrance Examination,which has been required for admission into almost all higher education institutions at the undergraduate level in China since1949.Adopting a discursive institutionalist approach-an approach to understanding in context the interplay of policyrelevant ideas,discourse,and institutions,this paper is to analyze the evolution of the fairness doctrine in China’s college admission policy discourse during the past70years,so as to better understand and gain lessons from China’s experience in building a fair Gaokao-based admission system.From1949to1998,under the doctrine of fairness based on the socialist ideology,China’s admission system tended to favor both talented students(indicated by their good Gaokao scores)and students born into a peasant or worker’s family.However,since the year1999,under the renewed fairness doctrine aiming at educational equity and social harmony,China has started giving preferential treatment to students from disadvantaged backgrounds.At present,there remain several impediments to building a fair admission system in China,such as,insufficient support for implementation,interference from beyond the education sector and vested interest groups striving to restore their privileges.To ensure fairness in Gaokao-based college admission,we need to further reform our education system and create a strategic action plan as well.

关 键 词：高考公平 国家立场 弱势关怀 话语制度主义 前景性话语 背景性话语 

分 类 号：G640[文化科学—高等教育学]