有机肥化肥配施对大棚黄瓜根区土壤与根系特征的影响  

Effects of Combined Application of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers on Root Zone Soil and Root Characteristics of Cucumber in Plastic Greenhouse

作　　者：韩鲁杰 冯一清 杨秀华 张宁[1] 毕焕改[1] 艾希珍[1] HAN Lujie;FENG Yiqing;YANG Xiuhua;ZHANG Ning;BI Huangai;AI Xizhen(State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation of Agriculture Ministry,Collaborative Innovation Center of Shandong Province with High Quality and Efficient Production of Fruit and Vegetable,College of Horticulture Science and Engineering,Shandong Agricultural University,Tai’an,Shandong 271018,China;Agricultural Science and Technology Education Center of West Coast New District in Qingdao,Qingdao,Shandong 266400,China)

机构地区：[1]山东农业大学园艺科学与工程学院,作物生物学国家重点实验室,农业部黄淮地区园艺作物生物学与种质创制重点开放实验室,山东省果蔬优质高效生产协同创新中心,山东泰安271018 [2]青岛西海岸新区农业科技教育中心,山东青岛266400

出　　处：《园艺学报》2022年第5期1047-1059,共13页Acta Horticulturae Sinica

基　　金：山东省重大科技创新工程项目(2019JZZY010715);山东省现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(SDAIT-05-10)。

摘　　要：针对当前设施黄瓜生产中化肥用量过多造成土壤环境变劣,黄瓜产量和品质下降等问题,以‘津优35号’黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)为试材,研究有机肥(牛粪︰豆饼=4︰1)与化肥配施对大棚黄瓜根区土壤环境和根系特征的影响。设3个有机肥/化肥比例处理(30%/70%、40%/60%、50%/50%)和纯化肥对照,连续3年(2018-2020年)6茬定位施肥。结果表明:随着种植茬口的增加,对照根区土壤的p H和孔隙度逐渐下降,电导率(EC)呈上升趋势,容重变化幅度较小,土壤趋于酸化和板结;而3个处理的pH变化不大,容重逐渐下降,孔隙度和EC值上升。同一茬口中3个处理的根区土壤物理性质差异不大,但与对照相比,pH和孔隙度较高,而容重和EC值较低。3个处理的碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾和有机质含量均随着种植茬次的增加而逐渐增加,1~3茬与对照差异不大,4~6茬显著高于对照,40%/60%处理尤其显著。3个处理的根际土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量也呈上升趋势,上升幅度以40%/60%处理最大,对照最小。高通量测序结果显示,3个处理的根际鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)等有益细菌相对丰度显著增加,镰刀菌属(Fusarium)等致病菌相对丰度显著下降,根际土壤细菌多样性显著增加,真菌多样性显著减少,微生物群落结构明显改善,其中40%/60%处理效果尤其显著。与对照相比,3个处理的根际土壤硝酸还原酶(NR)、脲酶(URE)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和蔗糖酶(INV)活性均显著增加,根系长度、体积、表面积、根尖数明显增大,直径显著减小,根系活力显著提高。综合比较,40%有机肥+60%化肥处理,设施土壤环境最好,黄瓜根系活力最强,根系特征最优,可在生产中推广应用。For the problems of soil environment deterioration,yield and quality decline caused by excessive application of chemical fertilizer in current cucumber production,we used’Jinyou 35’cucumber(Cucumis sativus L.) as the experimental material,and investigated the effect of organic fertilizer(cow dung∶bean cake = 4∶1)and chemical fertilizer ratio on the soil environment of root zone and root characteristics of cucumber,through six continuous positioning fertilization in three years(2018-2020). We set up three organic fertilizer/chemical fertilizer treatments which were 30%/70%,40%/60%,50%/50% and a pure chemical fertilizer control. The results showed that the root zone soil of control plants showed a gradually decrease in pH and porosity,increase in electrical conductivity(EC),and little change in bulk density as planting time increased,and it started acidification and hardening.However,the soil of the three treatments revealed a little change in pH,decrease in bulk density,but increase in porosity and EC. At the same planting time,no significant differences were observed in physical properties of root zone soil among treatments of the three treatments,whereas,the three treatments displayed much higher pH and porosity,but significantly lower bulk density and EC in root zone soil relative to the control. The contents of alkaline nitrogen,available phosphorus,available potassium and organic matter in the three treatments all increased gradually with planting time. There were no significant difference in alkaline nitrogen,available phosphorus,available potassium and organic matter among the three treatments and the control at the first three crops,but the three treatments were much higher than the control in the following three crops,especially in 40%/60% treatment. The quantity of bacteria,fungi and actinomycetes in rhizosphere soil of the three treatments also showed an increasing trend,and the increase in them was the largest in 40%/60% treatment,while that in control was the least.From the high-throughput seq

关 键 词：黄瓜 有机肥 化肥 土壤理化性质 微生物多样性 根系特征 

分 类 号：S642.2[农业科学—蔬菜学]