孟子“平治天下”思想研究  

Study on Mencius’s Thought of"Ruling the World with Peace"

作　　者：马秋丽 Ma Qiuli

机构地区：[1]山东大学马克思主义学院,山东威海264209

出　　处：《孔子研究》2022年第3期66-77,158,共13页Confucius Studies

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“马克思主义中国化‘两个结合’及其关系研究”(项目编号:21&ZD008)之阶段性成果。

摘　　要：“平治天下”是中国传统政治的一个重要理念,以孟子的言说最为典型且影响深远。孟子“平治天下”思想,以内政邦交一体化视角,由仁心而仁政、由仁政而王道层层展开,涉及国家的施政原则、邦国关系和对天下定于一的仁义共同体的设想。“平治天下”思想从以下几个维度展开:第一,战与不战,皆为安民。反对践踏国计民生的“不义之战”。若邦国交恶,不得已而发生战争,孟子提倡救民于水火的正义之战。第二,邦国相交,重德重义。孟子指出,“天下有道,小德役大德,小贤役大贤;天下无道,小役大,弱役强”,鲜明表达其对“小役大,弱役强”的政治现实的拒斥、对“天下有道,小德役大德,小贤役大贤”的追求。第三,匡定天下,贵王贱霸。针对“天下方务于合纵连横,以攻伐为贤”、成就霸业的现实,孟子“贵王贱霸”,反对“以力服人”的霸道,推崇“以德服人”的王道。孟子平治天下的思想,能为“百年未有之大变局”中的全球治理和人类命运共同体构建提供可资现代转换的思想资源。Ruling the world peacefully,as the most classical and influential theory made by Mencius,is an important concept of traditional Chinese politics.The thought sets eyes on the integration of internal affairs and state relations,then evolves from benevolent hearts to benevolent government,and then to the Kingly Way(benevolent governance),involving the principles of state governance,state relations,and a vision of a benevolent and righteous community which will bring peace and settlement to the society.The thought of"Ruling the World with Peace"can be interpreted from below dimensions:Firstly,fighting or not fighting is all for the people’s safety.Mencius objected the"unjust fights"which would damage the national economy and people’s livelihood.Yet he called for just fights to save the people from disasters in the case where the states become hostile toward each other and wars are unavoidable.Secondly,Mencius recommended that the common relationship between states should emphasize righteousness and justice.He clearly expressed his refusion to the political reality where"princes of small power are submissive to those of great,and the weak to the strong",as well his pursuit of the ideal reality where"princes of little virtue are submissive to those of great,and those of little worth to those of great".Thirdly,Mencius respected the Kings but not their hegemonies.He opposed the hegemonic ruling way of"making others submit by force"and advocate the Kingly Way of"winning people by virtue".This was his response to the reality where"states are busy in making allies and value people who are good at waging wars"in order to achieve a dominant position.Mencius’thought of"Ruling the World with Peace"can provide enlightenment into the modern global governance and the construction of a community of human destiny in the midst of the"unprecedented changes of the century".

关 键 词：平治天下 王道 民本 义利之辨 王霸之辨 

分 类 号：B222.5[哲学宗教—中国哲学]