英语If-条件句中条件极化的基础条件和限制  

The polarization of English if-conditionals:Primary conditions and constraints

作　　者：吴炳章[1] 郭嘉琪 廖巧云 WU Bingzhang;GUO Jiaqi;LIAO Qiaoyun(College of Foreign Languages,Ocean University of China,Qingdao 266100,China;School of English Studies,Shanghai International Studies University,Shanghai 200083,China;Institute of Linguistics,Shanghai International Studies University,Shanghai 200083,China)

机构地区：[1]中国海洋大学外国语学院,山东省青岛市266100 [2]上海外国语大学英语学院,上海市200083 [3]上海外国语大学语言研究院,上海市200083

出　　处：《外语教学与研究》2022年第3期336-348,478,共14页Foreign Language Teaching and Research

基　　金：国家社科基金项目“汉英条件句的情境认知对比研究”(20BYY008)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：条件极化指的是条件强化和条件弱化,前者指“if P,Q”中if被解释为必要条件only if,后者指if被解释为让步条件even if。已有研究中,条件极化被看作是不同语用原则生成的一般会话含义。本研究认为,通过分析条件极化的基础条件和限制条件,条件极化可获得一致性解释,这是因为条件极化有相同的基础条件,是说话人在交际意向主导下的语用推理。基础条件包括P与Q间的蕴含关系和具有建构性及量级特征的特设参照集。语境中,虽然P的组构成分的语义特征和其他形态–句法特征可以触发特设参照集,但是交际意向最终限定“if P,Q”的语用解释。无论条件强化还是条件弱化,都是在特设参照集上选择满足Q的替代项。条件强化是排他性的,而条件弱化是包含性的。条件弱化选择的替代项充分性最低,这意味着特设参照集的全体成员都是Q的充分条件。Conditional polarization refers to conditional strengthening and conditional weakening.The former is the inference from if to only if,and the latter from if to even if,both being pragmatically motivated interpretations of “if P,Q”.Previous research has suggested that both are generalized conversational implicatures generated by different pragmatic principles.After analyzing the primary conditions of and constraints on polarization,this study proposes a uniform approach to conditional polarization,positing that both inferences share the same primary conditions and are governed by the communicative intention of the speaker.The primary conditions consist of an implication relation between P and Q,and an ad hoc set of alternatives characterized by constructiveness and scalarity of sufficiency.In context,although some semantic or morphosyntactic features of P or its components may trigger the construction of an ad hoc set,the speaker’s intention imposes the dominant constraint on the pragmatic interpretation of “if P,Q” to derive either reading.Either the conditional strengthening or the conditional weakening involves choosing from the ad hoc set the item that satisfies Q in terms of sufficiency.The operation involved in conditional strengthening is exclusive in nature,whereas that in conditional weakening is inclusive.Since the item chosen in conditional weakening is the least possible yet sufficient condition for Q,it is implied that all the items in the ad hoc set,including P,are sufficient conditions of Q.

关 键 词：if-条件句 条件极化 条件完美 让步条件句 特设参照集 

分 类 号：H314.3[语言文字—英语]