个体记忆史料价值的批判及其局限——以纳粹大屠杀史学家希尔伯格为中心  

The Critique and Its Limitations of Individual Memory as a Historical Source: A Case Study on Holocaust Historian Raul Hilberg

作　　者：刘颖洁 Liu Yingjie

机构地区：[1]武汉大学历史学院,430072

出　　处：《史学理论研究》2022年第3期111-124,159,160,共16页Historiography Bimonthly

摘　　要：在西方史学界关注事件如何被回想与建构的“记忆转向”下,个体记忆所具有的史料价值被重新发现。但来自普通人、强调情感与伦理价值的个体记忆,同样带来了如何认识其中的历史真实、如何有效使用史料的问题。面对个体记忆不断增长的重要性,纳粹大屠杀史学家劳尔·希尔伯格对其持谨慎与批评的态度,并从视角与材料类型的局限性、内容的疏漏以及需要警惕的扭曲等方面对它的局限性做出全面的分析,但他也重视犹太人隔都主席等重要人物具有档案价值的日记。希尔伯格对个体记忆的批评建立在重构论的史学观念基础之上,并且因为没能及时更新史观与方法论,从而造成了史料认识的片面性,但他的观点也提醒学界应当更为辩证地认识个体记忆的价值及“记忆热”。With the “memory turn” in Western historiography,which focuses on how events are recalled and constructed,the value of individual memory as a historical source has been rediscovered. But as individual memory prioritizes emotional and ethical values,it also brings about the paradox of how to comprehend historical truth embedded in personal narratives as well as how to use individual memorial as a historical source effectively. In the face of the increasing significance of individual memory,Holocaust historian Raul Hilberg took a prudent and critical attitude. He pointed out the limitations of individual memory from the following perspectives: the deficiency of viewpoints and varieties of sources,the omissions in content,and the distortions and errors that invite vigilance. However,Hilberg also valued the archival diaries of important figures such as the late president of Warsaw Jewish ghetto. His critique of individual memory is based on the historical concept of reconstruction theory. Although his idea of historical writing and methodology are not up-to-date,which resulted in biased understanding of historical sources,his opinion still reminds historians of the importance of the dialectic understanding of individual memory and the“memory boom”in historical studies.

关 键 词：记忆转向 个体记忆 历史材料 劳尔·希尔伯格 重构论 

分 类 号：K091[历史地理—历史学]