定义“群众”:《乌合之众》在中国传播的知识社会学考察  

Defining the “Masses”:A Study of the Dissemination of The Crowd in China from the Perspective of the Sociology of Knowledge

作　　者：袁光锋[1] 刘朝璞 Yuan Guangfeng;Liu Zhaopu

机构地区：[1]南京大学新闻传播学院

出　　处：《新闻与传播研究》2022年第1期48-65,127,共19页Journalism & Communication

基　　金：国家哲学社会科学基金青年项目“新传播技术与公共情感的形成及演化机制研究”(项目编号:20CXW025)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：19世纪末期以来,解释群众现象的心理学语言在全球范围内流传,影响了人们对群众的理解,中国亦不例外。《乌合之众》的“群众”观是其中的代表学说。借助知识社会学探讨《乌合之众》在中国的传播及影响,可发现:近现代以来,《乌合之众》两度被引入中国。民国时期,勒庞的学说塑造和强化了知识界对于群众的犹疑和畏惧态度。由于革命和战争的需要,它还被用于群众动员和操控的培训。2000年之后,《乌合之众》多被用于解释群体性事件、网络群体性事件、网络舆情等问题。这些也是中国学界使用勒庞学说进行知识生产的主要领域。“网民素质”、“舆论引导”、“净网”等治理话语的形成也与群众心理学的解释框架有一定的关联。这一框架虽有一些洞见,但会忽视群体心理形成的制度、文化等原因,缺乏对于制度和权力问题的关注,导致对于“群众”现象的分析窄化。透过《乌合之众》的中国之旅,我们也能够看到知识和社会的相互作用。Since the late 19th century,the psychological language of explaining crowd phenomena has spread around the world,affecting people’s understanding of the crowd,and China is no exception.This study explores the spread and influence of crowd psychology in China represented by The Crowd from the perspective of the sociology of knowledge.Since modern times,The Crowd has been introduced into China twice.In the period of the Republic of China,crowd psychology shaped and strengthened the attitude of the intelligentsia towards the masses.Due to the needs of revolution and war,it was also used for the training of mass mobilization and manipulation to stimulate the revolutionary passion of the masses.After 2000,The Crowd was mostly used to explain mass incidents,online mass incidents,online public opinions,and other issues.These are also the main areas where crowd psychology is used by Chinese scholars to produce knowledge.The formation of governance discourses such as "netizen quality", "public opinion guidance" and "Jing Wang" is also related to the explanatory framework of crowd psychology.Although it has some insights,it ignores the institutional and cultural reasons for the formation of collective emotion.Neither does it pay enough attention to issues of system and power,leading to a narrow analysis of the mass phenomenon.Through crowd psychology’s journey in China,we can understand the interplay of knowledge and power.

关 键 词：《乌合之众》 群众心理学 知识社会学 群众 勒庞 

分 类 号：G206[文化科学—传播学]