清代甘边地区的抚番厅与地方治理  

Fufan Ting抚番厅and Local Governance in Ganbian甘边Areas in the Qing Dynasty

作　　者：杜常顺[1] 许若冰 Du Changshun;Xu Ruobing

机构地区：[1]青海师范大学藏区历史与多民族繁荣发展研究省部共建协同创新中心,西宁市810008 [2]四川大学历史文化学院,成都市610064

出　　处：《民族研究》2022年第2期123-137,142,共16页Ethno-National Studies

摘　　要：抚番厅是清廷在甘边地区实施州县化治理的一种特殊的政区形式。自雍正年间,清廷持续在当地开展裁卫设厅、地丁归并活动,先后设置西固、巴燕戎格、洮州、循化、贵德等五个抚番厅。厅属官缺多为“要缺”“边缺”,循化、贵德两厅同知一度强调专任旗员。乾隆后期,循化、贵德两厅“番族”及文武官员由西宁办事大臣兼管,在甘边局部形成直省与藩部两个系统的行政权力交叉共治的局面。抚番厅属“番户”,向官府纳“番粮”,其直面的统治者则是“番目”即部落头人。官府以千百户等职衔委任其为王朝的土官土司。抚番厅的主要职能是规范地方势力的政治行为及其相互关系,故实施因循地方传统与规制的柔性“抚治”。在此情形下,基层政治权力和社会资源仍由“番目”掌控;而对“番目”及其部落难以实现持续和切实有效的管控,则是抚番厅“抚治”面临的主要难题。Fufan Ting is a special form of administrative district for the Qing court to implement authority in Ganbian areas(the south-western areas of Gansu Province in the Qing dynasty where both the Han,Tibetan and other Peoples lived together).Since the Yongzheng雍正period,while the transformation from the Wei卫(district administrative system based on the military system)to the Ting厅,and unification of the field-and-poll tax were carrying out in Ganbian,five Fufan Ting,Xigu西固,Bayanrongge巴燕戎格,Taozhou洮州,Xunhua循化and Guide贵德,were set up.Most of the officials of these Tings were yao-que要缺(important,categorical designation of the head-ships of units of territorial administration)or bian-que边缺(front).In the Xunhua and the Guide,it once has been emphasized that only officials from the Eight Banners could be appointed.In the late Qianlong乾隆period,the Fan Zu番族and civil and military officials in the Xunhua and the Guide were concurrently managed by Xining amban.In some areas of Ganbian,there were two administrative systems,the direct province and the Fan Bu藩部(tributary and tribal affair).Like the people under direct provinces,Fan households affiliated to Fufan Ting paid the tax,named as Fan Liang番粮,and were ruled by the Fan Mu番目,that is,the head of the tribe,who were appointed the titles of Qianhu千户(one thousand households)and Baihu百户(one hundred households).The main function of Fufan Ting was to regulate the political behavior of local tribal forces and their interrelationships with a flexible governance that follows local traditions and regulations.In this case,the tribes,that is,the grassroots political power and social resources,were still controlled by the Fan Mu.It was difficult to achieve sustainable and effective management and control of the Fan Mu and their tribes,which was the main dilemma faced by Fufan Ting.

关 键 词：甘边 抚番厅 行政体制 地方治理 “番族” 

分 类 号：K249[历史地理—历史学] D691[历史地理—中国史]