男子跳远全程助跑阶段划分研究  

Research on the Phase Division of Full Approach of Men’s Long Jump

作　　者：王国杰 彭秋艳 章碧玉 WANG Guojie;PENG Qiuyan;ZHANG Biyu(Sports Training Institute,Nanjing Sport Institute,Nanjing 210033,China;China Institute of track and field,Beijing Sport University,Beijing 100084,China)

机构地区：[1]南京体育学院运动训练学院,江苏南京210033 [2]北京体育大学中国田径运动学院,北京100084

出　　处：《体育科学》2022年第4期60-69,共10页China Sport Science

摘　　要：目的:探讨男子跳远全程助跑阶段划分。方法:采用录像拍摄解析法和测试法获取男子跳远运动员全程助跑运动学和动力学参数。结果:1)运动员助跑中身体质心高度逐渐提升,并在倒数第17步和倒数第6步出现转换点;2)运动员起动后支撑时间逐渐减小,腾空时间逐渐增大,支撑腾空时间在倒数第17步出现第1交叉点;3)运动员起动后趾-板距离标准差逐渐增大,在倒数第6步出现最大值,该步之后趾-板距离标准差逐渐减小;4)运动员起动加速后最初的4~5步中能产生较高的水平力,随后水平力骤减;5)阶段1中,运动员着地距离短、着地胫骨角小、躯干前倾幅度大,离地距离长、离地角度小,便于加速。阶段2和阶段3中,运动员着地胫骨角增大、着地距离延长、躯干前倾幅度减小,离地距离减小、离地角增大,制动力增大。结论:男子跳远全程助跑可分为起动加速、途中跑和准备起跳3个阶段。起动加速阶段减小躯干角、着地胫骨角和离地角,增大离地距离有助于加速;途中跑阶段和准备起跳阶段逐渐增大躯干角,提高身体质心高度,有助于提高“扒地”效果,提高跑速。Objective:Discussing the phase division and theoretical basis of the full approach of male long jumpers,so as to provide theoretical basis for coaches to implement programmed training in the long jump approach training.Methods:The kinematic and dynamic parameters of full approach were obtained by video shooting analysis and testing methods.Results:1)In full approach,the height of the CM gradually increases,and shows two transition points in the penultimate 17 th step and the penultimate 6 th step;2)Ground contact time gradually decreases,while the flight time gradually increases after start,intersection point between ground contact time and flight time in the penultimate 17 th step;3)Standard deviation of toe to board distance increased gradually after start,and the maximum standard deviation of toe to board distance was higher in the penultimate sixth step,and gradually decreased after this step;4)Athletes can produce higher horizontal force in the first 4~5 steps after start,and the horizontal force decreases greatly;5)In phase 1 athletes have short landing distance,small shin angle,large forward leaning range of trunk,long push-off distance from the ground,small landing angle which is convenient for acceleration.In phase 2 and phase 3,landing shin angle and distance increase,trunk forward tilt amplitude decreases,distance from the ground decreases,the angle from the ground increases.Conclusions:The full approach of men’s long jump can be divided into three phases:starting acceleration,running on the way and preparing to take off.Athletes should keep the trunk forward and small landing shin angle,increase the distance from the ground,reduce the angle push-off ground,and get a higher level of driving force as far as possible in the starting acceleration phase;in the middle running phase and preparation for take-off phase,athletes should gradually increase the trunk angle,gradually improve the height of center of mass,create favorable working conditions for hip flexion and extension,improve the effect of raking

关 键 词：男子 跳远 助跑 阶段划分 身体质心高度 

分 类 号：G823.3[文化科学—体育训练]