淡水环境中微塑料污染及毒性效应研究进展  

Research progress on pollution and toxic effects of microplastics in freshwater environment

作　　者：钱亚茹 石磊磊 沈茜 贺亚楠 贾玉巧[2] 伍海闻 王菲菲[1] QIAN Yaru;SHI Leilei;SHEN Qian;HE Yanan;JIA Yuqiao;WU Haiwen;WANG Feifei(State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment,Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences;School of Public Health,Baotou Medical College)

机构地区：[1]环境基准与风险评估国家重点实验室,中国环境科学研究院 [2]包头医学院公共卫生学院

出　　处：《环境工程技术学报》2022年第4期1096-1104,共9页Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2020YFC1909502)。

摘　　要：通过梳理淡水环境中微塑料分布现状及毒性效应研究进展,分析淡水环境中微塑料的丰度、类型、粒径、颜色、形状及毒性影响因素,并综述了微塑料对淡水环境生态系统中不同营养级生物的毒性效应。结果表明:微塑料在淡水水体中的分布受人为活动、水文特征、季节及微塑料类型等因素的影响,人类活动较多、水动力条件差及降水较多的水体中微塑料污染严重,不同密度的微塑料在环境介质中赋存存在差异;微塑料毒性与其浓度、粒径、类型密切相关,通过在生物体内富集及携带的化学污染物,影响水生生物的摄食、生长及繁殖能力。我国淡水环境微塑料丰度高于其他国家,建议逐步开展淡水环境微塑料及河流微塑料入海通量的调查及监测。目前国内外微塑料毒性效应研究对象主要关注了浮游植物、大型溞、贻贝及斑马鱼,尚不能满足微塑料生态和健康风险评价要求,亟待开展我国不同营养级本土生物的微塑料毒性效应研究,为将来淡水环境微塑料环境基准的建立提供科技支撑。By summarizing the distribution status and research progress of microplastics in the freshwater environment,the abundance,type,particle size,color,shape and influence factors of microplastics in the freshwater environment were analyzed,and the toxic of microplastics on different trophic organisms in freshwater environment ecosystem were summarized.The results showed that the microplastics distribution in the freshwater bodies was affected by human activities,hydrological characteristics,seasons and microplastics types.Freshwater with more human activities,poor hydrodynamic conditions and more precipitation was seriously polluted by microplastics,and the occurrence of microplastics with different densities was different in environmental media.The toxicity of microplastics was closely related to their concentration,particle size and type,and affected the feeding,growth and reproduction ability of aquatic organisms through the enrichment and carrying of chemical pollutants in organisms.The abundance of microplastics in the freshwater environment in China was higher than that in other countries.It was suggested to gradually carry out the investigation and monitoring of microplastics flux in the freshwater environment and river into the sea.The present microplastics research on the toxic effect at home and abroad mainly focused on phytoplankton,Daphnia magna,mussels and zebrafish,which still could not meet the requirement of the microplastics ecological and health risk assessment.It was urgent to research the microplastics toxicity effect of native organisms at different trophic levels in China,so as to provide scientific and technological support for the establishment of the microplastics environmental benchmark in the freshwater environment in the future.

关 键 词：微塑料 丰度 淡水 水生生物 环境风险 毒性效应 

分 类 号：X171[环境科学与工程—环境科学]