论南宋书院的社会教化及其基本特质  

On the Social Indoctrination and Its Characteristics of Academy in the Southern Song Dynasty

作　　者：陈浩[1] Chen Hao

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学教育历史与文化研究院,北京100875

出　　处：《史志学刊》2022年第3期27-36,共10页Journal of History and Chorography

摘　　要：儒家语境中的“教化”实为一种社会教化,并以设学作为推行教化的重要手段,以期达到化民成俗的理想社会秩序。书院的社会教化功能伴随着书院演化为一种教育机构而发轫。南宋时期,理学大兴,旨在重振以人伦道德为本位的儒家传统。鉴于学校与科举结合导致其教化功能的式微,南宋儒者有意另建书院作为维系天理民彝、阐扬道德教化的平台。南宋书院发展已具相当规模,且与理学形成“形”“神”互依互存的关系。书院的社会教化功能由此真正彰显。基于觉有先后的人性认识,南宋儒者赋予书院社会教化“传道济民”的特质:书院重在首先以人伦道德为本涵养士人的德性,成就礼仪贤士,进而影响至其他社会成员。出于“秀于民而为士”的观念,南宋书院从“民”中择其“俊秀”作为施教对象,也呈现了书院社会教化可以通向平民的一面。书院的社会教化是南宋儒者建构的社会教化体系中的一环,大学的特性决定了其不可避免的精英主义色彩。Indoctrination in the Confucian context is actually a kind of social enlightenment to achieve the ideal social order of enlightening people to form good manners with the establishment of learning as an important means.With academy evolving into an educational institute,the indoctrination function of it starts to appear.During the Southern Song Dynasty,Neo-Confucianism blossomed,aiming to revitalize the human ethics oriented Confucian traditions.In view of the downturn of indoctrination due to the combination of schools and the imperial examination,Confucian scholars in the Southern Song Dynasty intended to build other academy as platforms for maintaining“Tianli Minyi”and spreading moral education.The academy had developed in a considerable scale,and formed an interdependent relationship between“form”and“spirit’with NeoConfucianism,and the social indoctrination function of the academy thus showed.Based on that there’s sequence of understanding of human nature,the scholars of the Southern Song Dynasty endowed the social indoctrination of academy with the characteristics of“preaching and helping people”i.e.,the academy focused on first cultivating the virtue of scholars based on human relations and morality,achieving etiquette and sages,and then affecting other members of the society.Since intellectuals came from the common people,academy chose excellent people as the objects of education,which also showed that the academy’s education could directly reach the common people.The social indoctrination of academy was one part of the indoctrination system constructed by Confucian scholars in the Southern Song Dynasty.The characteristics of university determined its inevitable elitism.

关 键 词：书院 理学 社会教化 传道济民 精英主义 

分 类 号：G649.299[文化科学—高等教育学]