西周王臣附属初命王的观念与君臣彝伦的重建  

Western Zhou’s Idea of Ministers Attaching to the King Who First Appointed Them and the Reconstruction of the Relationship Between Monarchs and Ministers

作　　者：程浩[1] Cheng Hao

机构地区：[1]清华大学出土文献研究与保护中心、“古文字与中华文明传承发展工程”协同攻关创新平台,北京100084

出　　处：《史学月刊》2022年第8期29-43,共15页Journal of Historical Science

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“清华大学藏战国竹简的价值挖掘与传承传播研究”(20&ZD309)、国家社会科学基金重大项目“出土简帛文献与古书形成问题研究”(19ZDA250)。

摘　　要：西周时期的周公、祭公等王朝重臣,在时王面前常称先王为“我辟”并自称“烬臣”,无论生前身后都自意为先王之臣。从文献与金文中的种种细节来看,当时的王臣确有一种附属初命之王的观念。这种君臣观念的产生,乃是源于西周实行的“策名委质”制度:臣子一旦经由王的“册命”而建立了“仇匹”关系,便须将身心俱付于所命之王;除非后王进行“申命”,否则其与先王的依附关系并不会因先王去世而改变。西周的这种“仇匹型君臣关系”,是周人基于宗法制对商代君臣制度进行的重要改造,尤其加强了君主对臣子的统御权。革新后的君臣彝伦,由于特别强调君臣的人身依附关系,遂成为后世极致忠君思想的滥觞。In the Western Zhou Dynasty,the Duke of Zhou,the Duke of Zhai and other important officials often called the former king“my king”and called themselves“minister of ash”in front of the present king.They regarded themselves as the ministers of the former kings whether they were alive or dead.Viewing from the details in the documents and bronze inscriptions,the king’s ministers at that time did have the idea of attaching themselves to the king who first appointed them.This idea originated from the system of“Ceming Weizhi(策名委质)”implemented in the Western Zhou Dynasty:once the ministers established a relationship with the king by virtue of the king’s appointment,they must cling to the king who appointed them in mind and body;unless the later king appointed them again,their attachment to the former king would not change due to the death of the former king.This relationship between monarchs and ministers in the Western Zhou Dynasty was an important transformation of the monarch-minister relationship of Shang based on the patriarchal clan system,which strengthened the king’s control over his ministers and subjects in particular.Because of the special emphasis on the personal attachment between kings and ministers,the reformed monarch-minister ethic had become the origin of ultimate loyalty to the monarch in later generations.

关 键 词：君臣关系 册命 策名委质 殷周鼎革 忠君思想 

分 类 号：K224[历史地理—历史学]