19世纪中期英国社会救济中的自助理念与实践--兼论社会工作“助人自助”价值理念的时代性  

The Concept and Practice of Self-Help in British Social Relief in the Mid-19th Century:On the Temporal Nature of the Value Concept of "Helping Others for Themself-help" in Social Work

作　　者：丁建定 谌基东 DING Jianding;CHEN Jidong

机构地区：[1]华中科技大学社会学院,武汉430074

出　　处：《社会工作》2022年第4期1-12,100,共13页Journal of Social Work

基　　金：2019年度国家社科基金重大项目“西方社会保障制度史(多卷本)”(项目编号:19ZDA234)的研究成果。

摘　　要：工业化导致的社会问题引发了英国社会的不稳定,传统济贫法不仅没能有效预防和缓解社会问题,反而因其基本理念与原则的错误诱发和加剧了英国的社会问题,导致社会运动频发,促使政府正视社会问题,需要更多社会力量参与社会治理。这不仅促使济贫法等社会政策的发展变化,也促使社会工作等新兴社会人士和社会服务的出现。这个时期的自由主义、功利主义、空想社会主义等主要社会思潮既希望缓解社会问题,又希望能保证资本主义社会制度的存在和发展,主张应该通过个人自助而非政府济贫作为应对贫困和失业等社会问题的主要办法。这影响了英国社会政策的取向和各种社会力量的行动理念与基本原则,成为社会工作“助人自助”基本原则确立的直接思想基础。基于自助理念与原则的制度性救济即新济贫法的有限性,实际上为非制度性救助留下了空间,非制度性救助也成为弥补制度性济贫不足的重要途径。这种非制度性救助既包括有形的基本生活救助,也包括无形的社会服务,专业化社会服务的出现成为英国社会救助的重要变化,社会工作即是这种专业化社会服务的重要标志之一。这一时期英国社会政策的“助人自助”原则决定了社会工作者与社会工作事业必然将其基本价值理念和原则建立在“助人自助”基础上,将其行动围绕着“助人自助”开展,这不仅是社会工作“助人自助”基本价值理念表达的时代性,更体现出社会工作“社会建构”功能的历史渊源。The social problems caused by industrialization have caused instability in British society.The traditional poverty allevi-ation method not only has not been effective in preventing and alleviating social problems,but has induced and intensified social problems in Britain because of the errors in its basic ideas and principles.These resulted in frequent social move-ments,prompting the government to face social problems and need more social forces to participate in social governance.These have led to changes in social policies such as the Poor Law,and the emergence of new social people and social servic-es such as social work.The major social trends of this period,such as liberalism,utilitarianism,and utopian socialism,hoped to alleviate social problems and ensure the existence and development of the capitalist social system.They advocated that so-cial assistance should be used as the main way to deal with social problems such as poverty and unemployment through indi-vidual self-help rather than government poverty alleviation.This influenced the orientation of British social policy and the action concepts and basic principles of various social forces,and became the direct ideological basis for the principle of“helping others for themself-help”in social work.Institutional relief based on the concept and principle of self-help,that is,the limited nature of the new poverty alleviation law,actually leaves room for non-institutional social assistance.Non-institu-tional social assistance has also become an important way to make up for the lack of institutional poverty alleviation.The non-institutional social assistance includes both tangible basic life assistance and intangible social services,professional so-cial services have begun to appear to become an important change in British social assistance.Social work is one of the im-portant symbols of this professional social service.During this period,the principle of“helping others for themself-help”in British social policy determined that social workers and socia

关 键 词：社会救济 社会服务 社会工作 助人自助 

分 类 号：C916[经济管理]