劳动保护、性别成本差异与性别就业差距  

Labour Protection,Gender Pay Difference and Gender Gap in Employment

作　　者：李磊 刘常青 Li Lei;Liu Changqing

机构地区：[1]中山大学国际金融学院 [2]华中科技大学经济学院

出　　处：《世界经济》2022年第7期153-180,共28页The Journal of World Economy

基　　金：国家自然科学基金青年项目(72103211);教育部人文社会科学青年基金(20YJC790064)的资助。

摘　　要：2007年后,中国制造业女性就业份额持续下降,性别就业差距逐渐加大。本文从劳动保护这一视角给出了解释。分析表明,《劳动合同法》出台后,书面合同订立等劳动保护措施的加强令企业雇佣女性的相对成本上升,进而导致制造业女性就业份额下降。通过构建广义双重差分模型,本文发现《劳动合同法》出台使得样本期内制造业女性就业份额下降了约3.5个百分点,该结果在排除了女性劳动参与率下降、国际金融危机冲击、产业结构调整等多个替代性解释后依旧成立。并且《劳动合同法》对制造业女性就业份额的负向冲击在法律制度环境不同的地区均存在。最后,本文基于世界银行中国企业调查数据进一步考察了性别就业差距扩大的后果,发现女性就业份额下降导致企业劳动生产率下降,降低了企业用工成本并提高了企业引进技术设备的概率。本文的发现拓展了《劳动合同法》影响的研究视角,对于更好地理解中国就业结构变化,落实男女平等的基本国策具有重要意义。Since 2007,the share of female employment in China’s manufacturing industry has been declining,and the gender employment gap has gradually widened.This paper investigates this from the perspective of labour protection.First,the theoretical analysis indicates that after the enactment of the labour contract law(LCL),the strengthening of labour protection measures,such as the signing of written employment contracts,has increased the relative cost of hiring women,which in turn has led to a decline in the female employment share within the manufacturing industry.Second,after testing the theoretical hypothesis by constructing a generalised difference-in-differences(DID)model,it is found that the LCL has reduced the female employment share within the manufacturing industry by approximately 3.5%in the sample period.This result is maintained after excluding several alternative explanations,including the decrease in the female labour participation rate,the impact of the international financial crisis,and the adjustment of the industrial structure.Notably,the negative impact of the LCL on the female employment share within the manufacturing industry exists in regions with different legal environments.Finally,drawing on data of Chinese firms compiled by the World Bank,the paper further examines the consequences of the growing gender gap in employment.The decrease in the female employment share leads to a decline in labour productivity,but it reduces the labour cost of firms and significantly increases the likelihood of introducing technological equipment.The findings of this paper broaden the research perspective on the impacts of LCL and are of paramount importance to better understanding changes within the employment structure in China and the implementation of a basic national gender equality policy.

关 键 词：《劳动合同法》 性别成本差异 女性就业份额 

分 类 号：D922.52[政治法律—民商法学] F249.2[政治法律—法学]