论安克斯密特对“表现危机”的克服及其问题  

On Ankersmit’s Overcoming of“Representation Crisis”and its Problems

作　　者：庄泽珑 Zhuang Zelong

机构地区：[1]复旦大学历史学系

出　　处：《世界历史评论》2022年第2期215-244,M0008,M0009,共32页The World History Review

摘　　要：安克斯密特所说的“表现危机”意指这样一种情形,即传统、语境等因素对于表现的决定作用超过了被表现者,从而使得表现不再成为我们接近被表现者的途径、反倒成为其障碍。一个彻底克服表现危机的迹象是,安克斯密特在《历史表现中的意义、真理和指称》中发展了一种表现的三阶模式:表现、被表现者以及所呈现者,他指出表现的所呈现者属于被表现者的“面相”,是实在自身的一部分。此外,他还提出历史表现在一种修正过的真值理论中也是可以成真的,并且把这种有别于命题真理的表现性真理定义为“世界或客体依照其面相而向我们揭示的东西”。面相与表现性真理的引入,相对于安克斯密特早先支持的叙述观念论无疑是颠覆性的转变,但这个三阶模式强烈暗示的实在论也引起了若干争议。本文试图说明,面相、个体历史经验以及一种远离了主体间性的实在观念在安克斯密特的体系中是彼此关联的,它们都指向“客观事物”的类别尚未在主体间被确立之时的本真状态;尤其在历史写作中涉及“文艺复兴”“启蒙运动”等本质上具有开放性的概念时,我们面临的不是事物而仅仅是实在中的各种面相。但笔者认为,在安克斯密特对表现危机的解决方案中,他把概括史学文本的中心观点也拔高为“内在于过去自身”的真理是一个有待商榷的做法,造成这一困境的根源可追溯至他早先对叙述实体的双重界定方式。Ankersmit’s“representation crisis”refers to a situation where historical representation is determined more by tradition,context and so on than the represented,making representation no longer an access to the represented.A sign of the complete overcoming of the representation crisis is that Ankersmit,in his Meaning,Truth and Reference in Historical Representation,develops a three-place mode of representation:representation,represented and presented,pointing out that the presented is an“aspect”of the represented and is part of reality itself.In addition,he proposes that historical representation can be true according to a modified truth-value theory,and defines such representational truth as“what the world,or its objects,reveal to us in terms of its aspects”.The introduction of aspect and representational truth is undoubtedly a subversive change from the narrative idealism previously supported by him,but the realism strongly implied by this third-place mode has also caused some controversy.This paper tries to show that aspect,individual historical experience and a conception of reality far removed from intersubjectivity are interrelated in Ankersmit’s system,and they all point to an authentic state before the category of“objective things”has been established among subjects.Especially when the Renaissance,the Enlightenment and other intrinsically open concepts are involved in historical writing,what we are confronted with are not things but only various aspects of reality.I argue that what is questionable in Ankersmit’s solution to representation crisis is that he raises the central idea summarizing the historical texts as“the truth intrinsic in the past itself”.The root of this dilemma can be traced back to his earlier dual definition of narrative substance.

关 键 词：安克斯密特 历史表现 历史经验 面相 表现性真理 叙述实体 

分 类 号：G63[文化科学—教育学]