乘用车燃油经济性标准研究进展:影响机制与政策评估  

Research progress of passenger vehicle fuel economy standards:influencing mechanism and policy evaluation

作　　者：伍敬文 廖华[2,3] WU Jingwen;LIAO Hua(College of Economics and Management,South China Agricultural University,Guangzhou Guangdong 510642,China;Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081,China;School of Management and Economics,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081,China)

机构地区：[1]华南农业大学经济管理学院,广东广州510642 [2]北京理工大学能源与环境政策研究中心,北京100081 [3]北京理工大学管理与经济学院,北京100081

出　　处：《中国人口·资源与环境》2022年第7期162-172,共11页China Population,Resources and Environment

基　　金：国家杰出青年科学基金“能源经济与气候政策研究”(批准号:71925008);广东省基础与应用基础研究基金省市联合基金“燃料消耗量限值标准对汽车企业节能技术进步的异质性影响和机制分析”(批准号:2021A1515110342)。

摘　　要：燃油经济性标准作为交通部门主流的能源效率政策,历经40多年、覆盖全球约80%的汽车市场。政策制定和实施涉及政府、汽车制造商和消费者,影响广泛且复杂。该研究从燃油经济性政策的国别差异和发展趋势入手,系统地梳理了燃油经济性标准对厂商行为和消费者福利的影响,归纳了不同视角下的政策评价研究。综述发现:①燃油经济性标准促进了企业提高汽车能源效率,取得了显著节能效果,基本符合政策制定初衷。但企业也存在调整汽车重量、功率等性能,以及油耗测试作假等投机行为来满足燃油经济性标准,在一定程度上抵消了政策预期节能效果。②燃油经济性标准主要通过两个途径影响消费者福利:一是消费者若未能充分意识到高能效汽车未来的节能效益,提高燃油经济性标准将有助于提高消费者福利;二是当消费者对汽车功率、加速度等性能的偏好强于汽车能效,并且企业采取牺牲这些性能以提高能效时,提高燃油经济性标准反而降低消费者福利。受限于数据可获得性,有关消费者福利影响的研究多集中在发达国家。③燃油经济性标准的总体影响评估涉及因素多(企业、消费者及安全、环境污染等外部性影响)、建模复杂、对数据要求高,因而定量结论还存在较大不确定性。④随着燃油经济性标准不断提高、应用范围不断扩大,未来政策设计需要考虑如何纳入其他燃料类型汽车,减少企业投机行为和其他外部性影响。⑤结合中国燃料消耗量标准的政策评估,今后可考虑从综合成本效益加强对消费者福利,以及传统汽车、新能源汽车和二手车市场的影响研究。Fuel economy standards,as a popular energy efficiency policy in the transportation sector,have been in effect for more than 40 years and have covered about 80%of the global automotive market.Meanwhile,the design and implementation of the policy involve government departments,automakers,and consumers,and its impact is extensive and complex.This article first discusses the differenc‑es and trends in fuel economy standards between countries and then systematically reviews related research on the impact of fuel econo‑my standards on corporate behavior,consumer welfare,and policy effectiveness.The review concludes that:①The fuel economy stan‑dards have encouraged manufacturers to improve vehicles’energy efficiency and have achieved significant energy-saving effects,which follows policy envisions.However,manufacturers also have speculative behaviors such as adjusting the weight and power of vehicles,as well as falsifying fuel consumption tests to meet the standards,thereby offsetting the energy-saving effect expected by the policy to a cer‑tain extent.②Fuel economy standards mainly affect consumer welfare in two ways:if consumers fail to fully realize the energy-saving benefits of energy-efficient vehicles in the future,raising fuel economy standards would improve consumer’welfare;if consumers have a stronger preference for automobile power,acceleration,and other performance than automobile energy efficiency,and manufacturers sacrifice these performances to improve energy efficiency,raising fuel economy standards would reduce consumer welfare.Limited by data availability,the existing conclusions on the impact on consumer welfare are concentrated in developed countries.③As the overall policy evaluation of fuel economy standards involves many factors(enterprise,consumers,externalities of safety,and environmental pol‑lution,etc.),complex modeling,and high data requirements,significant uncertainties still exist in the quantitative conclusions.④With the continuous improvement and expansion of fuel econ

关 键 词：燃油经济性标准 节能效果 影响机制 国际比较 

分 类 号：F062.1[经济管理—政治经济学] F206