清乾嘉刑科题本所见两湖地区宗族及其纠纷  

Clans and Their Disputes in Hubei and Hunan: A Study of Memorials on Criminal Matters Submitted to Throne in Qianlong and Jiaqing Reigns

作　　者：常建华[1] CHANG Jian-hua

机构地区：[1]南开大学中国社会史研究中心,300350

出　　处：《史林》2022年第2期38-46,220,共10页Historical Review

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目“多样性:辽宋西夏金元明清的日常生活与地方社会研究”(项目号:20JJD770009)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：清朝乾嘉时期刑科题本土地债务类资料,涉及宗族因经济问题发生的纠纷,揭示出湖南、湖北地区宗族内部矛盾与经济问题。两湖地区从事宗族活动的一般农民,在宗族建设活动中受经济限制。穷困族人计较经济利益得失,有时做出损坏宗族公益的事情。宗族祭祖形式主要是清明墓祭,墓祭费用一般来自坟山或祭田收入。也有宗族拥有宗祠,以祭田收入作为祭祖费用。祖坟面临不断增长的族人下葬,往往因添葬产生矛盾,也因涉及风水问题导致纠纷。“户族”是族权的主要承担者,核心是族长。族长是宗族的首领,户首、户长是政府控制下的职役性质人员,“户族”控制着乡村社区,官府借助其维护统治。户首、户长与族长有时会合二而一,更增强了“户族”的控制力。The present paper,digging into land and debt cases recorded in memorials on criminal matters submitted to the throne,analyzes internal contradictions and economic problems besetting clans in Hubei and Hunan. It concludes that ordinary farmers played a small role in the reconstruction of clan due to economic restrictions;that many disputes were related to burials and funerals;and that the leading persons of clan were indispensable to the grassroots governance.

关 键 词：族权 族长 坟山 祭田 户族 

分 类 号：K249.3[历史地理—历史学]