纳博科夫,普希金,莎士比亚——《天赋》和《微暗的火》里的天才、慷慨与感激  

Nabokov, Pushkin, Shakespeare: Genius, Generosity and Gratitude in The Gift and Pale Fire

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作  者: 文导微(译)[2] Brian Boyd;Wen Daowei

机构地区:[1]新西兰奥克兰大学 [2]中国社会科学院外国文学研究所

出  处:《俄罗斯文艺》2022年第3期48-58,共11页Russian Literature & Arts

摘  要:尽管纳博科夫不喜欢人们把别的作者确认为对他作品有影响的人,但他承认普希金对他的俄语作品(以及所有后来的俄国文学)、莎士比亚对他的英语作品(以及所有后来的英国文学)有巨大的、赋予生命活力的影响。在或许是他以这两种语言写就的最佳作品《天赋》和《微暗的火》(也无疑是这两种语言里拥有发展得最为充分的作家主人公的作品)中,他展示费奥多尔·戈都诺夫—车尔登采夫和约翰·谢德,分别致以普希金和莎士比亚许多公开的,甚至更具魅力的秘密的敬意,虽然两位主人公的故事、生活和性格有根本不同。那些秘密的致敬证明他们感觉到了神秘的灵感,它仿佛来自他们故去已久的文学先祖自己。两个故事都包含一些沮丧的花样,却也有一种感觉,觉得他们生活中的命运无限慷慨,这感觉不知为何在起初看似生活最糟的转折点最为显见。对两位作家而言,他们感觉到的慈善至极的命运,似乎都在以某种方式表明某位已故至爱(分别是心爱的父亲和心爱的女儿)和各自传统里那位最伟大的作家(分别是普希金和莎士比亚)的个人影响。连接费奥多尔与谢德的,是二人都感觉到的对生活最终的慷慨之举的感激——被分配的感激,他们情不自禁地去感觉,部分通过那些已故却以某种方式留在身边的亲人,部分也通过那些更加遥远得多的作家,后者仍在他们文学作品里的方方面面,并以某种方式在他们自己的灵感中显见。Although Nabokov disliked having other authors identified as influences on his work, he acknowledged the enormous, life-giving influence of Pushkin on his Russian work(and all later Russian literature) and of Shakespeare on his English work(and all later English literature). In perhaps his greatest works in each language,The Gift and Pale Fire, and certainly the works in each language with the most fully developed writer-heroes, he shows Fyodor Godunov-Cherdyntsev and John Shade, for all the radical difference in their stories, lives, and characters, paying considerable overt and even more fascinating covert tribute to Pushkin and Shakespeare, respectively. The covert tributes testify to their sense of mysterious inspiration, as if from their long-dead literary forebears themselves. Both stories involve patterns of frustration yet a sense of the ultimate generosity of fate in their lives, most evident somehow in what at first seems life’s worst turns. For both writers, the ultimately beneficent fate they feel seems somehow to reflect the personal influence of someone dear but dead(a beloved father and a beloved daughter, respectively) and also the greatest writer in each’s tradition, Pushkin and Shakespeare, respectively. Fyodor and Shade are linked by the gratitude both feel for the ultimate bounty of life—dispensed, they cannot help feeling, partly through those near and dead but somehow not gone, partly and through those much more distant writers still everywhere in their literature and somehow evident in their own inspiration.

关 键 词:纳博科夫 普希金 莎士比亚 命运 灵感 形而上学 影响 

分 类 号:I712.074[文学—其他各国文学]

 

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