贵族制与黄宗羲的政治理想--比较视野中的《明夷待访录》  

Aristocracy and Huang Zongxi's Ideal Political Order--Reexamining Mingyi Daifanglu from a Comparative Perspective

作　　者：范广欣 FAN Guangxin

机构地区：[1]南开大学哲学院,天津300350

出　　处：《学术月刊》2022年第7期196-203,共8页Academic Monthly

摘　　要：黄宗羲承认有两种圆满的道德-政治秩序:其一是以三代圣王为首的君主制,其二是否定了现实的君主专制之后而重建的应然的君臣共治。两者都符合《礼运》首章“天下为公,选贤与能”的理想。近代以来中国知识分子习惯用西方传入的概念理解黄宗羲的政治理想,对其实质至今聚讼纷纭,因此有必要回到西方经典著作以确立讨论的标准。检查亚里士多德《政治学》、洛克《政府论》和卢梭《社会契约论》等经典著作,可以发现以贵族制而非民主制理解黄宗羲的政治理想更为合适。Huang Zongxi recognized two best regimes,or two perfect moral-political systems:one is the monarchy headed by sage-kings that is described by the Confucian Classics,while the other is the joint rule of a monarch and his ministers for the people that was proposed by Huang himself after he denied the legitimacy of his contemporary monarchy.In modern China,scholars differed with each other on whether Huang's best regimes could be defined as democracy.As the concept of democracy comes from the Western tradition,it is necessary to go back to Western classics of political philosophy to rethink about what democracy means.Examining Aristotle;s Politics,Locke's Second Treatise of Government and Rousseau's Of the Social Contract,we find that the core principle of classical democracy is popular rule while that of representative democracy is popular sovereignty.Huang's Mingyi Daifanglu(《明夷待访录》)does not endorse popular rule but the joint rule of moral and intellectual elites.And there is no sufficient evidence that the work supports popular sovereignty.Therefore,it would be hasty to conclude that the work favors democracy.In fact,it is more appropriate to understand Huang's best regimes as aristocracy than as democracy.

关 键 词：黄宗羲 《明夷待访录》 政治理想 贵族制 

分 类 号：K23[历史地理—历史学]