不同降水下覆盖与缓释肥减量对油菜土壤微生物群落结构的影响  

Effects of Mulching and Slow-release Fertilizer Application Reduction on Soil Microbial Community Structure in Rapeseed Field Under Two Different Rainfall Conditions

作　　者：冯军 石超 Hafiz Athar Hussain 刘永波 刘天朋[2] 李永洪[2] 刘俊峰[2] 王龙昌 FENG Jun;SHI Chao;Hafiz Athar Hussain;LIU Yong-bo;LIU Tian-peng;LI Yong-hong;LIU Jun-feng;WANG Long-chang(Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture,Ministry of Education,Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region,Ministry of Education,College of Agronomy and Biotechnology,Southwest University,Chongqing 400715,China;Rice and Sorghum Research Institute,Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Deyang 618000,China;Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment,Ministry of Agriculture,Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing 100081,China;Luding Bureau of Agriculture,Animal Husbandry and Science&Technology,Luding 626100,China)

机构地区：[1]西南大学农学与生物科技学院,南方山地农业教育部工程研究中心,三峡库区生态环境教育部重点实验室,重庆400715 [2]四川省农业科学院水稻高粱研究所,德阳618000 [3]中国农业科学院农业环境与可持续发展研究所,农业部农业环境重点实验室,北京100081 [4]泸定县农牧农村和科技局,泸定626100

出　　处：《环境科学》2022年第8期4322-4332,共11页Environmental Science

基　　金：公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201503127);国家自然科学基金项目(31271673,31700364,31871583)。

摘　　要：为探讨沟垄集雨、秸秆覆盖和减量缓释肥集成技术对油菜土壤微生物群落结构的影响,在大田定位试验条件下,设置3种栽培方式(秸秆覆盖、沟垄集雨、传统平作)和4种施肥水平(习惯施肥、缓释肥减量20%、缓释肥减量40%、不施肥),比较分析2016~2017年(多雨年份)和2017~2018年(季节性干旱年份)这2种不同降水年型下油菜土壤微生物群落结构对集成技术的响应.结果表明,不同降雨条件下,秸秆覆盖+缓释肥减量20%(J80)与沟垄覆盖+缓释肥减量20%(M80)较习惯栽培(PC)更利于土壤微生物生长.在多雨年型和季节性干旱年型下,J80与M80能平均分别提高微生物量碳9.94%和10.32%;提高土壤微生物量氮2.38%和1.19%.多雨年型下,土壤微生物磷酸脂肪酸(PLFA)总量较干旱年型降低30.75%,覆盖能有效提高土壤PLFA质量摩尔浓度.多雨年型下土壤细菌、真菌PLFA质量摩尔浓度较干旱年型平均减少33.67%和53.21%;而放线菌PLFA增加13.04%.微生物群落对异常降水具有敏感响应.多雨气候会造成细菌/真菌升高;干旱气候则会增加直链饱和脂肪酸/直链单不饱和脂肪酸及直链单不饱和脂肪酸/环丙烷脂肪酸.通过秸秆覆盖与缓释肥的集成技术,能稳定异常降水下的土壤微环境,缓解水分和养分胁迫,为油菜稳产和可持续发展提供有效途径.In order to investigate the effects of furrow and ridge rainwater harvesting,straw mulching,and reduced and slow-release fertilizer on soil microbial community structure of rapeseed,a two-year field study was conducted in rainy(2016-2017) and drought(2017-2018) seasons,which included three cultivation patterns:(1) conventional flat planting,(2) straw mulching,and(3) ridge-furrow rainfall harvesting system and four fertilization patterns:(1) conventional fertilization(100% of the amount),(2) reduced slow-release fertilizer Ⅰ(80% of the amount),(3) reduced slow-release fertilizer Ⅱ(60% of the amount),and(4) no fertilizer.The results indicated that it was rainy in 2016-2017,with seasonal drought during the nutritional growth stage in 2017-2018.The two technologies(straw mulching+80% slow-release fertilizer,J80 and ridge-furrow rainfall harvesting system+80% slow-release fertilizer,M80) were beneficial to boost the soil microbial activity.J80 and M80 increased the microbial biomass carbon by 9.94% and 10.32% and microbial biomass nitrogen by 2.38% and 1.19%,respectively,compared with that of the local cultivation pattern under two different climate conditions.The total amount of microbial phospholipid fatty acid(PLFA) decreased by 30.75% in the rainy year compared with that in the drought year,and mulching technology could effectively increase the total amount of soil PLFA.The PLFA contents of soil bacteria and fungi in the rainy year were 33.67% and 53.21%,respectively,lower than those in the drought year.However,the PLFA content of actinomycetes increased by 13.04%.Microbial communities were sensitive to abnormal precipitation.The bacteria/fungi ratio increased in rainy weather.The drought climate heighted the ratio of straight chain saturated fatty acid/straight chain monounsaturated fatty acid and straight chain monounsaturated fatty acid/cyclopropane acid.In conclusion,adopting the optimal cultivation technologies can stabilize the soil microenvironment under abnormal precipitation,relieve water and nutrient

关 键 词：降水 油菜 秸秆覆盖 沟垄集雨 缓释肥 土壤微生物 微生物磷酸脂肪酸(PLFA) 

分 类 号：X172[环境科学与工程—环境科学]