重新認識許慎的文字發展觀與《説文》的價值  

New Understanding of Xu Shen’s Outlook on Development of Characters and the Value of Shuowen Jiezi

作　　者：李守奎 Li Shoukui

机构地区：[1]清華大學人文學院暨出土文獻研究與保護中心,北京100871

出　　处：《出土文献综合研究集刊》2022年第1期1-21,共21页

摘　　要：《説文·叙》是第一篇漢字發展史論文,系統闡述了從文字起源到漢代文字與文字研究的發展過程。許慎具有明確的文字歷史發展觀和建構術語的認識。《説文》建立起一套自足的話語系統,古文、籀文、大篆、小篆、篆文等是義有專指的術語,有其確切的内涵,彼此明確區分,後人多有誤解。“古”與“篆”是文字發展過程中的核心要素。許慎清晰表述自前代之古文發展到西周末年,文字分爲籀文和古文兩系。籀文源自古文,其字體是大篆,籀文大篆經過選擇淘汰與規範成爲小篆,秦統一之後大篆、小篆並行,直到漢初還是史學童考試的内容。古文是文字的源頭,一直流傳,孔子寫經用古文,戰國發生分歧,秦始皇廢除,漢代開始復現,王莽時期受到重視,成爲六書之一。許慎陳述的文字歷史發展過程與出土文獻基本相合。古文既不是戰國時期的六國文字,也不是戰國之前的古文字,而是秦系文字之外的先秦古文字,不僅《説文》重文中附録,而且在“正字”中也大量存在。《説文解字》是應古文文獻研究需要而成的漢代古文字集大成之作。The postface of Shuowen Jiezi説文解字is a treatise on the history of evolution of Chinese characters,systematically elaborating on the history from the origin of characters to the characters in the Han Dynasty and the process of development of studies on characters.Shuowen Jiezi established a set of self-consistent system of terminology,such as Guwen古文,Zhouwen籀文,Dazhuan大篆,Xiaozhuan小篆,and Zhuanwen篆文,etc.They are particular with exact connotations,explicitly distinguishing from one another,but often misunderstood by the later generations.Gu古and Zhuan篆are the core elements in the evolution of characters.Xu Shen made it clear that characters divided into two groups(Zhouwen and Guwen),when Guwen evolved into the late Western Zhou Dynasty.Zhouwen derives from Guwen,and its script style is Dazhuan.Dazhuan of Zhouwen was normalized into Xiaozhuan by selection and elimination.After the unification of China in the Qin Dynasty,Dazhuan and Xiaozhuan were both general,remaining a subject in the examination of Shixuetong史學童.Guwen is the origin of characters,with which Confucius wrote the classics.Guwen diverged in the Warring States period,was abolished by Qin Shi Huang,reappeared in the Han Dynasty,gained Wang Mang’s attention,and became one of his Six Scripts.The history of evolution of characters stated by Xu Shen is basically consistent with the unearthed documents.Guwen is neither the script of the Six States in the Warring States period,nor ancient script before the Warring States period,but is a pre-Qin ancient script out of the Qin lineage.It was not only listed in the variant characters of Shuowen Jiezi,but also numerously existed among the orthodox characters.Shuowen Jiezi is a masterpiece of ancient characters in the Han Dynasty,which is made to meet the needs of paleography.

关 键 词：《説文解字》 《説文·叙》 古文 籀文 篆文 

分 类 号：H161[语言文字—汉语]