“伦理转向”的张力:列维纳斯与利科之争再审视  

The Tension of“Ethical Turn”:A Re-Examination of the Levinas-Ricoeur Debate

作　　者：刘欣 Liu Xin(the School of Humanities,Hangzhou Normal University;the Research Institute of Literary and Art Criticism,Hangzhou Normal University)

机构地区：[1]杭州师范大学人文学院 [2]杭州师范大学文艺批评研究院

出　　处：《外国文学研究》2022年第4期22-33,共12页Foreign Literature Studies

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“文学伦理学批评的理论资源与对外传播研究”(21&ZD264)。

摘　　要：列维纳斯与利科在法国理论的“伦理转向”中角色迥异,两者的异同使“伦理转向”的细部充满张力:利科通过列维纳斯走向对死的内在学习,死亡在他看来是不可认知的事件,不存在海德格尔所谓的“筹划”或“先见”,也不会有“能动”或“自由”,更无人能够“承担”;列维纳斯将爱欲视为战胜死亡的超越性事件,利科则认为爱是通向正义的道路,它在对仇敌的爱与宽恕中超越敌我之分;列维纳斯主张的是自我与他者的“非对称性”结构,利科则在批判非对称性的基础上,提出“相互性”,并将其视为平等、正义的共同生活的前提;利科排除了列维纳斯的“人质”的神圣性,在自我与他者的交流中存在的是交互性的平等关系,列维纳斯则认为交流首先意味着在言语中将自己暴露给他人,言语直接就是甘冒牺牲之险的应承。回顾列维纳斯与利科之争,我们得以继续思考爱与死及文学叙述的伦理性。Levinas and Ricoeur played a different role in the“ethical turn”of French theory.The similarities and differences between them created a full tension for the“ethical turn”in all aspects.Ricoeur gained an internal learning about death through Levinas.In his view,death is an incomprehensible event,which defies any“planning”or“foresight,”as defined by Heidegger,has no“dynamic”or“freedom,”and allows no one to“undertake”it.Levinas perceives eros as a transcendent event,or a victory over death,while Ricoeur sees love as the path to justice,transcending the distinction between our foe and ourselves in our love and forgiveness for the enemy.Levinas advocates the“asymmetric”structure of the self and other,whereas,based on his criticism of such an asymmetry,Ricoeur proposes“reciprocity”and regards it as the premise of an equal and just common life.Ricoeur excludes the sanctity of Levinas’“hostage”and insists that what exists in the communication between the self and other is an interactive equal relationship,but Levinas believes that communication means exposing oneself to others in words,and words are directly“responsible”at the risk of sacrifice.By re-examining the Levinas-Ricoeur debate,we may keep thinking about the ethics of love,death,and literary narrative.

关 键 词：列维纳斯 利科 伦理转向 非对称性 相互性 

分 类 号：I0[文学—文学理论]