何为“事件”:萨林斯“结构史观”的拓展与挑战  

What is “Event”: the Expansion and Challenge of Marshall Sahlins’ “Historical Structuralism”

作　　者：刘海涛[1] LIU Hai-tao(Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,Beijing 100081)

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院民族学与人类学研究所铸牢中华民族共同体意识研究基地,北京100081

出　　处：《中央民族大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2022年第4期57-66,共10页Journal of Minzu University of China(Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金后期资助项目“西方历史人类学新探”(项目编号:21FSSB001);2022年度国家社会科学基金配套经费项目“美国民族史学新探”的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：在关于何为“事件”的研讨中,美国民族史学、法国年鉴史学明显异于西方传统史学,都对“事件是独一无二的,只有独特的才是事件,事件异于一般的结构”这一观点进行了批判和解构;但是,在对待“结构”与“事件”关系上,无论是西方传统史学,还是美国民族史学,抑或法国年鉴史学,又都具有一致的一面,即对立看待“结构”与“事件”。美国人类学家马歇尔·萨林斯经由“突发事件-内生事件-一般事件”的研究进路,重新考量“事件”的价值,重新对“事件”进行界定,以一种特殊的历史人类学视域中的“结构史观”对“结构”与“事件”的关系赋予更深的意义,试图对长期存在于西方史学界的“结构”与“事件”的对立进行深度整合。萨林斯对“事件”认知的不断深入,一方面是对布罗代尔长时段理论关注结构而“逃离”事件的解构与推进,体现了萨林斯“结构史观”的不断拓展;另一方面,也面临着来自“历史意识”“文化秩序”层面的诸多挑战与解构。萨林斯对“事件”认知的深入及其“结构史观”的拓展,促动了史学与人类学跨学科研究范式的形成,推进了西方历史人类学的演变进程。In the discussion of what is “event”, the American ethnohistorians and the historical French Annals School are obviously different from the traditional western historiographians. They both criticize and deconstruct the view that “events are unique, only the unique is event, and events are different from the general structure”. However, in dealing with the relationship between “structure” and “event”, no matter it is the traditional western historians, or the American ethnohistorians and the history French Annals School, they all have something in common, that is, they regard “structure” and “event” being opposing each other. American anthropologist Marshall Sahlins through the “evenemential event(exogenous event), internal event(endogenous event), and event-in-general” research approach, reconsidered the value of “event”, and redefined “event”. With a special historical anthropology view of “historical structuralism”, he endowed the relationship between “structure” and “event” with more profound meaning, attempting to deeply integrate the opposition between the “structure” and “events” that have long existed in western historians. On the one hand, the continuous deepening of Marshall Sahlins’ cognition of “event”, which represents the expansion of his view of “historical structuralism”, is the deconstruction and promotion of Fernand Braudel’s long-term theory that stresses on structure while “escapes” from the event;on the other hand, it also faces a lot of challenges from “historical consciousness” and “cultural order”. The deepening of Marshall Sahlins’ cognition of event and the expansion of his view of “historical structuralism” has constantly promoted the formation of interdisciplinary research paradigm of history and anthropology as well as the evolution of western historical anthropology.

关 键 词：事件 萨林斯 结构史观 历史人类学 

分 类 号：C912[经济管理]