周代尸祭礼与中国祖先崇拜观念的转型  

The Rites of Shiji and Changes of Ideas on Ancestor Worship in Ancient China

作　　者：胡新生[1] 白杨 Hu Xinsheng;Bai Yang

机构地区：[1]山东大学历史文化学院,山东济南250100

出　　处：《文史哲》2022年第5期33-43,165,共12页Literature,History,and Philosophy

基　　金：山东大学人文社科重大研究项目“中国古代社会形态变迁研究”(11080082135302)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：西周早期诗歌《我将》《执竞》两诗和相关记载,隐约述及以活人扮成祖先接受祭祀的场景,说明西周初年王室祭祖已流行立尸像神之礼,尸祭很可能原本是周邦特有的礼俗。尸祭礼俗在周人的精神世界上烙有很深的印记,周人较多梦见远世祖先以及儒家礼书强调的“祭祀不祈”“主人自致其敬”等观点,都与尸祭有直接或间接的关系。尸祭拉近了祭者与祖先的距离,将商代观念中那种经常作祟、阴鸷可怕的祖先形象改变为温和可亲的形象,赋予祖先神灵以道德属性和宗法意义并将其真正视为宗族的保护神。由尸祭促成的祖先崇拜观念的转型,对中国古代宗教信仰体系的确立产生了深远的影响。The two poems“Wo Jiang”and“Zhi Jing”in The Book of Songs and other related records vaguely narrated scenes of living persons dressing as ancestors and receiving sacrifice,showing that there had been such rites held in royal court in early years of Western Zhou,and it might be the unique rites of the State of Zhou.Such rites made deep imprinting on the spirit of Zhou people,and their dreams about remote ancestors as well as the ideas of respecting ancestors emphasized in Confucian classics of rites all have some connections with the rites.Such rites closed the gap between ritualist and ancestor,turned the horrible images of ancestors in the Shang dynasty into a gentle one,gave ancestors the moral attribute and patriarchal significance,and truly regarded them as protectors of the clan.The changes of ideas on ancestor worship led by rites of shiji had a profound impact on the establishment of faith system in traditional China.

关 键 词：立尸像神 尸祭 周代礼制 梦境信仰 祖先崇拜 

分 类 号：B933[哲学宗教—宗教学] K224[历史地理—历史学]