民事执行中案外担保权人的救济路径  

The Relief Paths of the Security Interest Holder as a Third Party in Civil Enforcement

作　　者：刘颖 Liu Ying

机构地区：[1]北京航空航天大学法学院

出　　处：《环球法律评论》2022年第5期99-114,共16页Global Law Review

基　　金：2020年度国家社会科学基金青年项目“民事执行法典化背景下对债权的执行制度研究”(20CFX030)的研究成果。

摘　　要：担保物权的目的不在于对担保财产的占有、使用、收益,而在于必要时就担保财产的变价所得优先受偿。在典型担保的情形下,法院查封担保财产不会影响案外人享有的抵押权、质权、留置权,其可以通过参与分配路径和执行行为异议路径保护自身的优先受偿权和变价权,因此原则上不适用执行标的异议路径。在法院对抵押权效力所及的从物单独变价而影响主物和从物的整体变价价值,或者对案外人享有权利质权的应收账款实施强制执行而致使其丧失参与分配的机会等例外情形,存在允许案外担保权人通过执行标的异议路径寻求救济的余地。在非典型担保的情形下,所有权保留买卖中的出卖人、融资租赁中的出租人享有的是功能化的所有权,应当将其作为担保权人处理;而保证金账户质权人则应参照典型担保中的质权人处理。因此,对于这些案外人也不应适用执行标的异议路径,其可以通过参与分配路径和执行行为异议路径寻求救济。The purpose of security right is not to occupy, use or obtain proceeds from the secured property, but to obtain the priority of repayment with respect to the proceeds from the sale of the secured property when necessary. In the case of typical guarantee, the existence of the mortgage right is not based on the possession of the guaranteed property, so the court’s seizure will not affect the mortgage right of a third party;although the existence of the pledge right and lien right is based on the possession of the guaranteed property, Article 11 of Provisions of the Supreme People’s Court for the People’s Courts to Seal up, Distrain and Freeze Properties in Civil Enforcement stipulates that, if the guaranteed property is kept in custody by a people’s court, neither the pledge nor the lien of such property shall be eliminated due to transfer of occupation. Therefore, seizure by a court will not affect the pledge right and lien right of the third party. A third party can protect his priority right of compensation and right of sale through participation in distribution and objection to enforcement. Therefore, in principle, third parties should not be allowed to adopt the approach of objection to the object of enforcement. In exceptional circumstances, such as a court’s separate sale of the attachments covered by the effectiveness of the mortgage, which affects the overall exchange value of the main objects and attachments, or the enforcement of the accounts receivable with the pledge of rights of a third party, resulting in the loss of the opportunity to participate in the distribution, there is room for the third party to protect its own right of sale and priority of compensation through objection to the subject matter of enforcement. In the case of atypical guarantee, it is generally believed that “other contracts with guarantee function” stipulated in Article 388 of the Civil Code include the retention of title sales contract and the financial lease contract;Article 641(2) and Article 745 of the Civil

关 键 词：担保物权 非典型担保 执行异议之诉 参与分配 

分 类 号：D925.1[政治法律—诉讼法学] D923.2[政治法律—法学]