两汉王朝对匈奴的战争诉求  

The War Appeals of the Two Han Dynasties to Xiongnu

作　　者：晋文[1] Jin Wen

机构地区：[1]南京师范大学历史系,江苏南京210097

出　　处：《社会科学战线》2022年第8期132-142,282,F0002,共13页Social Science Front

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大委托项目(20@ZH026);江苏省一级学科重点学科南京师范大学中国史项目。

摘　　要：两汉王朝对匈奴的战争诉求可分为四个时期。汉初的战争诉求是反击匈奴的侵扰,保护农耕生产方式,同时也是仿效秦始皇,用武力来征服匈奴。但敌强我弱,战争以汉朝的失败而告终。随着综合国力的强盛,汉武帝一改此前同匈奴的屈辱和亲,而重新采取“威服”政策。其主要诉求,就是把武力征服周边特别是匈奴作为实现“《春秋》大一统”的目标。尽管汉军曾多次击败匈奴,将匈奴逐出漠南,但长期战争也给汉朝造成了巨大破坏,因而对匈奴的和战问题仍存在很大争议。直到宣帝后期,汉匈强弱的转变才使“威服”政策的效果完全显现。至元帝即位后,汉军对匈奴已具有绝对优势。这时的战争诉求已不是如何战胜匈奴的问题,而是强调对汉朝的任何敌对,“虽远必诛”。光武中兴后,实行安内然后攘外政策。对匈奴的侵扰,汉朝的战争诉求主要是军事防御,能把匈奴挡在边境地区,或减少一些匈奴的侵扰,也就达到了争取时间、安定内地的目的。在国力逐渐强盛的明、章、和时期,汉朝便开始按照既定方针主动向北匈奴进攻,实现了彻底征服匈奴的诉求。两汉与匈奴的战争经验证明:只要内部安定,政通人和,经济发展,汉朝的综合国力就会远远超过匈奴。而战胜或征服匈奴,也就是早晚的问题。The war appeals of the Han Dynasty against Xiongnu can be divided into four periods.The demand of the early Han was to defense Xiongnu to protect the agricultural production mode.At the same time,Han also follow Emperor Qin Shihuang to fight by force.But the wars ended in failure.As the comprehensive national strength became stronger,Emperor Han Wudi changed his humiliating peace-making by marriage relationship with Xiongnu and adopted the “powerful subservience”policy again,aiming to conquer the surrounding areas,especially Xiongnu,by force,so as to realize the unification of the Spring and Autumn Annals.Although the Han army defeated Xiongnu many times and drove them out of the desert,the long-time war also caused great damage to the Han,which led to a opposite attitude towards the wars against Xiongnu.It was until the late period of Emperor Xuandi who balanced the power between the Han and Xiongnu,Han fully realized the effect of “powerful subservience”.By then the purpose of war was no longer to defeat Xiongnu,but to claim that any enemy to the Han should be “vanquished regardless of distance”.Further Eastern Han Emperor Guangwu implemented the policy of stabilizing the internal affairs and then dealing with external affairs,by which he adopted a military defense against Xiongnu so as to gain time to stabilize the interior region.By the period of Emperor Mingdi,Emperor Zhangdi and Emperor Hedi,Han began to attack the Northern Xiongnu in line with the established policies and realized the long-held wish of completely conquering Xiongnu.The war experience between Han and Xiongnu proves that the comprehensive national strength of the Han far surpassed that of Xiongnu as long as it had internal stability,political harmony and economic development.

关 键 词：两汉 匈奴 战争诉求 威服 安内然后攘外 

分 类 号：K234[历史地理—历史学]