美国高校教师评聘标准如何走向多元化——基于新制度主义理论的分析  

How to Diversify the Evaluation and Appointment Standards of Faculty in American Colleges and Universities: Analysis Based on the New Institutionalism Theory

作　　者：王思懿 姚荣 WANG Siyi;YAO Rong(School of Public Administration/Research Center for Higher Financial Education,Southwestern University of Finance and Economics,Chengdu 611130,Sichuan,China;Institute of Higher Education,East China Normal University,Shanghai 200062,China)

机构地区：[1]西南财经大学公共管理学院/高等财经教育研究中心,四川成都611130 [2]华东师范大学高等教育研究所,上海200062

出　　处：《复旦教育论坛》2022年第4期97-105,共9页Fudan Education Forum

基　　金：2022年教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目“我国研究型大学教师‘准聘-长聘’制改革的实施效应及优化路径研究”(22YJC880074);西南财经大学2022年度高等财经教育研究项目“协同共治视野下我国高校教师评价体系改革的制度逻辑与优化路径研究”(JKB22FG05)。

摘　　要：借鉴新制度主义理论,本文对美国大学教师评聘的“共识性”标准及其评价实践中的标准分化现象进行解释。研究发现,专业协会通过制定和传播被学术界广泛认可的学术理念和规则,促进了机构的规范性趋同。经费紧缩、问责强化以及大学排名的兴起使得研究导向的评价标准得到广泛应用,进而引发了机构的模仿性趋同。与此同时,历史传统、办学使命和发展目标的差异使得不同类型的大学通过对评价标准进行优先排序以及对具体指标进行差异化赋权,分别形成了各具特色、重点突出的评价标准体系。趋同与分化,构成美国大学教师评聘标准的“一体两面”。借鉴美国大学的经验,我国在深化高校教师分类评价改革的进程中,应进一步扩大和落实高校人事自主权,鼓励不同类型和层次的高校结合实际校情与本校特色,制定更加多元化与精细化的教师评聘标准体系。Drawing on the neo-institutionalism theory, this article attempts to explain the "consensual" criteria for faculty evaluation and the standards differentiation in their evaluation practice in American higher education institutions. It is found that the education associations promote the normative convergence of institutions by formulating and disseminating academic ideas and rules widely recognized by the academic community. Tighter funding, strengthened accountability, and the rise of university rankings have made the research-oriented evaluation criteria widely used, and led to imitation convergence of various institutions. Meanwhile, the differences in organizational missions and goals have led different types of institutions to prioritize review criteria based on differentiated empowerment of specific evaluation indicators, forming distinctive and focused tenure review criteria respectively. Convergence and differentiation constitute the two sides of faculty evaluation and appointment in American higher education institutions. Learning from the experience of American universities, China should further expand and implement the autonomy in personnel management of colleges and universities in deepening the reform of classified faculty evaluation, and encourage colleges and universities of different types and levels to formulate a more diversified and refined system of faculty evaluation and appointment based on their actual conditions and characteristics.

关 键 词：高校教师 评聘标准 多元化 新制度主义 

分 类 号：G647.2[文化科学—高等教育学]