现代汉语历时变化特征研究:结构复杂度  

A Study of Evolutional Features of Modern Chinese: Structural Complexity

作　　者：秦洪武[1] 周霞 孔蕾[1] QIN Hongwu;ZHOU Xia;KONG Lei

机构地区：[1]曲阜师范大学外国语学院,山东曲阜273165 [2]曲阜师范大学文学院,山东曲阜273165

出　　处：《外语与外语教学》2022年第4期87-98,148,149,共14页Foreign Languages and Their Teaching

基　　金：国家社科基金项目“基于事件语义的语用标记词汇化跨语言对比研究”(项目编号:17BYY038)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：本文基于现代汉语历时语料库,通过历时比较描述现代汉语结构复杂度百年演化特征,观察复杂度变化与句段长度的关系,并从类联接和依存距离两个可计量维度考察结构复杂度变化的内部成因。研究发现:(1)汉语结构复杂度在过去百年总体呈上升趋势,快速变化多出现在1920-1940年代;(2)结构复杂度表现出文体差异:小说文本历时变化幅度微小,学术文本变化幅度最大;(3)句段长度与结构复杂度变化轨迹相近,前者能够较好地预测后者;(4)类联接历时分析显示,部分含有副词的类联接构成的句段复杂度低,多在文学作品中用作话语标记;而含有助词“的”的类联接多用作修饰成分用于构建复杂的结构,多出现在学术文本中;(5)以依存距离表达的结构复杂度呈现历时增长,增幅最大的依旧是学术文本。研究认为,依据口语、书面语二分法来比较现代汉语历时变化具有合理性,但还需系统反映书面语内部体裁间的差异,本研究将这种差异表达为历时变化幅度层级:学术文本>通用文本>新闻文本>小说文本。Using a corpus of historical vernacular Chinese as data,this study presents a diachronic investigation into the macroscopic changes of modern Chinese in structural complexity(SC)over the past century.Specifically,the study examines the relationship between diachronic changes of SC and sentence segment length(SSL)and assesses SC changes and their motivating factors by using colligation and dependency distance measures.The study yields the following four findings.1)Over the past century,SC in Chinese has exhibited an overall increase,with its increase occurring most noticeably during the 1920 s and 1930 s;2)Changes in SC have varied across genres,with a small change found in literary texts,while greatest change observed in academic texts;3)Parallel to changes in SC,similar change patterns have occurred with SSL,with the SSL changes being a strong predicator of those of SC;4)The diachronic analysis of colligations shows that colligations containing adverbs can form sentence segments with a lower complexity,which are used mostly as discourse markers in literary texts,while colligations containing the particle“de”(的)are found mostly in incomplete expressions used to form complex structures in academic texts;5)SC measured by dependency distance has also displayed a diachronic increase,with the greatest increase also found in academic texts.The study suggests that while it is logical to study changes in modern Chinese by examining spoken and written languages as a dichotomy,a genre-based account of change may enable us to present a systematic description of the variations in the extent of SC changes across genres.As have been shown in this study,SC changes in modern Chinese have exhibited the following hierarchical pattern:academic writings>general texts>news>novels.

关 键 词：现代汉语 历时语料库 结构复杂度 句段长度 

分 类 号：H0[语言文字—语言学]