虚词义项划分的原则  

The principles for sense division of empty words

作　　者：郭锐[1] GUO Rui

机构地区：[1]北京大学中国语言学研究中心/中文系

出　　处：《世界汉语教学》2022年第4期435-450,共16页Chinese Teaching in the World

摘　　要：虚词大多为多义词,义项划分就成了分析虚词语义的重要工作。但虚词义项划分一直缺乏严格的操作标准,影响了汉语虚词的语义分析。本文提出虚词义项划分的四条原则:1.语义结构同一性原则:如果要把一个虚词的不同用法划为不同义项,须有语义结构的差异。2.核心义原则:如果不同用法共享相同核心义,可以合为一个义项,以避免义项划分过细。由于核心义相同而合为同一义项的不同用法,是同一义位的不同变体。义项划分有一定相对性,是分是合,还应参照下面两条原则:3.无歧义原则:划为同一义项的用法不应产生非组合性歧义。4.直接性原则:应能不动用过多的其他因素而直接解释同一义项的不同用法,使虚词的意义与语句的意义直接对应。Empty words are mostly polysemous,so it is important to divide the senses of empty words.However,there is a lack of strict operating criteria for the sense division of empty words,which affects the semantic analysis of Chinese empty words.This paper proposes four principles for sense division of empty words.The first one is the principle of identity of semantic structure:if different usages of an empty word are divided into different senses,there must be differences in semantic structure.The second is the principle of core meaning:if different usages share the same core meaning,they can be combined into a single sense to avoid too much division of senses.Different usages of the same sense which are combined because of the same core meaning are different allosemes of the same sememe.The division of senses is of relativity.Whether the senses are divided or combined should refer to the following two principles:the principle of no ambiguity-the usages of the same sense should not give rise to non-compositional ambiguity;and the principle of directness-it should be able to directly explain different usages of the same sense without too many other factors,so that the meaning of the empty word corresponds directly to the meaning of the sentence.

关 键 词：虚词 义项划分 语义结构 核心义 义位 

分 类 号：H146[语言文字—汉语]