学术汉语词汇的主要特点及教学策略  

Linguistic features and teaching strategies of Chinese academic vocabulary

作　　者：张博[1] ZHANG Bo

机构地区：[1]北京语言大学汉语国际教育研究院

出　　处：《世界汉语教学》2022年第4期517-530,共14页Chinese Teaching in the World

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“汉语文本可读性测评和分级的跨学科研究”(项目号:17ZDA305);北京语言大学梧桐创新平台项目(中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金)(项目号:20PT01);教育部中外语言交流合作中心2021年度《国际中文教育中文水平等级标准》教学资源建设重点项目(项目批准号:YHJC21ZD-089)经费支持。

摘　　要：本文主张以词语的语域分布为主标准,在考量词语语域分布广狭的基础上参考使用频率或常用度,将学术语言中的词汇三分为通用词汇、学术词汇和专业词汇,其中,学术词汇是最能体现学术语言风格特征的语言要素。经考察,学术汉语词汇的主要特点体现为词义抽象、功能多样、具有鲜明的书面语色彩、存在一些强构词力语素、配伍式和框架式语块数量多、有些学术词语的意义与通用词语常用义不同。针对学术汉语词汇的主要特点并结合第二语言词汇习得的基本规律,文章提出一些学术汉语词汇教学的策略和方法,包括贯通学术词语的意义、组合关系和典型语境,酌情使用“语素法”和“语块法”,注重学术义与通用义的辨析,丰富学术词汇的训练方式,强化学术写作中的纠正性反馈。This paper proposes categorizing words in academic language into three categories-general vocabulary,academic vocabulary,and technical vocabulary-based primarily on their genre distribution and secondarily on their occurrence frequency.Of the three categories,academic vocabulary is the language element that best represents the characteristics of academic language.Our investigation reveals the following main features of Chinese academic vocabulary:abstractness,diversity in function,high level of formality in register,frequent use of some productive word-formation morphemes,a large number of collocated chunks and phrasal frames,and specialized senses unavailable to general vocabulary.Given the main characteristics of Chinese academic vocabulary and the basic rules of L2 vocabulary acquisition,the paper proposes the following strategies and methods for Chinese academic vocabulary instruction:(1) linking the abstract academic senses of the words to their syntagmatic relations and contextual usage;(2) choosing appropriately between the morphological method and the lexical method;(3) differentiating between the general meaning and the academic meaning of the same word form;(4) developing more training methods;and(5) providing corrective feedback in academic writing.

关 键 词：学术汉语 学术词汇 通用词汇 专业词汇 词汇教学 

分 类 号：H193.4[语言文字—汉语]