“百变”法老:社会变革与埃赫那吞的古今形象  

Pharaoh of Varied Images:Social Changes and the Iconography of Akhenaten in Ancient and Modern Times

作　　者：王欢 Wang Huan

机构地区：[1]不详

出　　处：《世界历史评论》2022年第3期58-75,292,293,共20页The World History Review

摘　　要：新王国时期第18王朝的法老埃赫那吞因其“宗教改革”,成为最受关注的古代埃及历史人物之一。改革失败后,传统宗教势力复辟,新都埃赫塔吞(今阿玛尔那)被弃,埃赫那吞从此在古代埃及官方记载中被抹除,直到埃赫塔吞遗址被重新发现和清理之前,埃赫那吞只在古代文献中留下很少且基本给人以负面印象的蛛丝马迹。随着这段以“最早建立一神教的尝试”为重要标签的历史在近代以来的再发现,埃赫那吞的影响远远超出了埃及学界。西方知识界和公众,甚至包括纳粹的支持者,均因各自的立场和目的,对埃赫那吞燃起巨大而迥异的兴趣。回顾这段“智识史”,随着不同视角的转换,一个历史人物的形象不是更清晰,而是更模糊了。埃赫那吞的“百变”法老形象,是从古代到近现代以来社会变革中知识生产的产物,是人们关切的重大问题的转移所造就的神话,是知识精英和公众共同形塑的结果。Akhenaten,a New Kingdom Pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty,is perhaps the best-known historical figure in ancient Egypt due to his so-called“religious reform”.After his death,the successors restored the traditional religion,and abandoned his capital Akhetaten(now Amarna).They also remove Akhenaten’s name from official records.Therefore,one could find little trace of this Pharaoh in literature,or basically negative representations,if any,until the rediscovery of the ruined Akhetaten in the site of Amarna.By labelling Akhenaten’s religious reform as“the first attempt to establish monotheism”and so on,the impact of the study of the Amarna period went beyond academic field.The Western intelligentsia and the public,even the Nazi supporters,have ignited huge but very different interests in Akhenaten though with their own positions and goals.Looking back into this“intellectual history”with a shift of perspective,the image of Akhenaten becomes not clearer,but blurred.His“variable”iconography stands for a process in which people produced knowledge in the transmission of important issues people concerned,and consequently a product moulded by the intellectual elites and the public.

关 键 词：埃赫那吞 阿玛尔那时代 一神教 种族主义 智识史 

分 类 号：G63[文化科学—教育学]