脉冲星导航在载人火星探测中的应用  

Application of Pulsar-based Navigation in Manned Mars Exploration

作　　者：郑伟[1] 李治泽 李连升[2] 王奕迪[1] 宋敏章 ZHENG Wei;LI Zhize;LI Liansheng;WANG Yidi;SONG Minzhang(College of Aerospace Science and Engineering,National University of Defense Technology,Changsha 410073,China;Beijing Institute of Control Engineering,Beijing 100190,China)

机构地区：[1]国防科技大学空天科学学院空天工程系,长沙410073 [2]北京控制工程研究所,北京100190

出　　处：《载人航天》2022年第5期613-619,共7页Manned Spaceflight

摘　　要：针对火星探测存在由于地、火距离远而导致的与地面测控系统通信时延,以及飞行过程中由于航天器处于太阳背面导致的与地面测控系统存在30 d左右通信中断(日凌干扰)等问题,相较于其他常用航天器自主导航方法,X射线脉冲星导航不需要额外的通信服务网络,导航过程不易受干扰,且具有自主性强,系统简单,导航误差不随时间累积,导航精度也不受飞行距离限制等优势,可为载人火星探测器自主导航提供一种新的解决方案。在分析载人火星探测自主导航需求的基础上,结合实际工程应用,阐述了脉冲星导航的应用优势,设计了涵盖X射线脉冲星导航终端及星载计算平台的载人探火系统初步方案,提出了一种基于单探测器序贯观测的X射线脉冲星自主导航方法。基于现有的空间观测数据分析了导航系统的可观测性,仿真验证了系统的导航性能。研究表明:火星轨道探测器基于单探测器序贯观测脉冲星的仿真导航精度可以达到20 km左右,可以作为一种保底的自主导航手段,为未来中国载人火星探测计划的实施提供有效保障。During Mars exploration,a communication time delay between spacecraft and the ground-based measurement and control system exists due to the long distance between Earth and Mars.Mo-reover,the communication interruption may last for about 30 days during the flight when the space-craft is on the back side of the Sun.The X-ray pulsar-based navigation may provide a new solution to these problems.Compared with other commonly used autonomous navigation methods for space-craft,X-ray pulsar-based navigation requires no additional communication service network and thus is less susceptible to the interference during the navigation process.The X-ray pulsar-based naviga-tion has the characteristics of steadiness,strong autonomy,credible performance,and easy to imple-ment.The error of the X-ray pulsar-based navigation does not accumulate over time and the naviga-tion accuracy is not limited by flight distance.In this paper,the demands of autonomous navigation for manned Mars exploration were analyzed.Then combining with the experience of practical engi-neering applications,the advantages of pulsar navigation were described.The preliminary scheme of the system for manned Mars probe covering the X-ray detector and the on-board computing platform was designed.An autonomous X-ray pulsar navigation method based on single-detector sequential-observation was presented.The observability of navigation system was analyzed based on the availa-ble space observation data.In the end,the navigation performance of the system was verified by simulation.The results demonstrated that the navigation accuracy of Mars probe using this method could reach about 20 km.It is suggested that the X-ray pulsar navigation can be used as a guaran-teed means of autonomous navigation to provide effective support for the implementation of manned Mars exploration program.

关 键 词：X射线脉冲星 自主导航 火星探测 载人航天 序贯观测 

分 类 号：V448.22[航空宇航科学与技术—飞行器设计]