古代中国的国家宗教——从杨庆堃《中国社会中的宗教》看  

State Religion in Ancient China: From the Perspective of C.K. Yang’s Religion in Chinese Society

作　　者：谢遐龄[1] Xie Xialing(Department of Sociology,Fudan University,Shanghai 200433,China)

机构地区：[1]复旦大学社会学系,上海200433

出　　处：《复旦学报（社会科学版）》2022年第4期1-16,共16页Fudan Journal（Social Sciences）

摘　　要：古代中国的宗教情况原来很清楚。其存在,按传说,至晚始自颛顼“绝地天通”,尧、舜奠基;按考古,殷、周体制完备;按文献,直至清朝末年。然而自西方宗教(religion)概念传入中国,话语变更造成思想混乱,人们误以为原先仅仅居于从属地位的道教、佛教、基督教、伊斯兰教等才配称宗教,而自古以来始终居于主导地位的正统国家宗教,反倒失去宗教之名,被看作有待扫除的封建迷信,或贬低为风俗性的民间宗教。古代中国社会图景全然扭曲。本文从国家的宗教性角度解读杨庆堃《中国社会中的宗教》一书,以此确认古代中国有国家宗教存在。古代的国家宗教政教一体,其组织体系就是国家机器;其首脑爵名天子。天子即天之子,是个宗教称号。帝王既是国家元首,又是国教教主。世间行政体系与神祇体系有交集,由天子及各级官员分级掌管;天子位于上天之下,对众神有一定的奖惩权力。中华民族自古及今一贯是有信仰的民族。虽然神祇体系复杂,民众各有其崇信的神祇,有的信仰“制度性宗教”道教、佛教等的神祇,但都以上天为其共同信仰;而道教、佛教等信仰的神、佛也纳入上天统领的神祇体系。There is a clear map of state religion in ancient China. According to sagas, the religion at the latest began from the sundering of heaven and earth by Zhuanxu and was established by Yao and Shun. According to archaeology, the religious institutions had been comprehensively developed in Yin and Zhou dynasties. According to literature, it lasted until the end of Qing Dynasty. However, as the term “religion” was introduced from the West, the alteration of terminology gave rise to some ideological confusion. As a result, some secondary religions such as Taoism, Buddhism, Christianity and Islamism were regarded as orthodox, while state religion, which had been of dominant status from the outset, was recognized as superstition that was to be erased, or depreciated as customary folk religion. All these conjured up a twisted picture of ancient China. This article, as a reading of C. K. Yang’s Religion in Chinese Society, aims to demonstrate the existence of state religion in ancient China, which was in union with the state itself. Its institution was no other than the state apparatus itself, and its head was coroneted as the “Son of Heaven, ” which is obviously a religious title. The emperor was both the head of the state and the head of religion. Secular bureaucracy overlapped with religious system, and both were under the control of the emperor and officials at various levels, while the Son of Heaven, only inferior to Heaven, had authority to award or punish gods. Chinese people have always been religious people. Although various gods were worshipped in the sophisticated system, a common superior “Heaven” was shared by different religious groups, and the gods of Taoism and Buddhism were included in the same system, subordinate to “Heaven.”

关 键 词：国家宗教 弥漫性宗教 制度性宗教 

分 类 号：B929[哲学宗教—宗教学]