提取过程越久记忆保持越好吗?材料难度的调节作用  

The Longer the Retrieval Process,The Better the Memory Retention?The Moderating Effect of Material Difficulty

作　　者：杨丽娴 张锦坤 李冬静 张俐娟 Yang Lixian;Zhang Jinkun;Li Dongjing;Zhang Lijuan(School of Psychology,Fujian Normal University,Fuzhou,350117;Faculty of Psychology,Tianjin Normal University,Tianjin,300387)

机构地区：[1]福建师范大学心理学院,福州350117 [2]天津师范大学心理学部,天津300387

出　　处：《心理科学》2022年第3期567-573,共7页Journal of Psychological Science

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目(16JJD190004)福建省社会科学规划青年项目(FJ2020C025)的资助。

摘　　要：提取练习效应揭示了提取对记忆保持的关键意义,学习时间分配的有关研究表明提取练习效应的大小可能与材料难度有关。两个实验探讨了提取时间与材料难度对提取练习效应的影响:实验1采用2(提取时间:短,长)×2(材料难度:容易,困难)的混合设计,5分钟后测查记忆保持水平。实验2采用类似设计,将最终测试间隔延长至24小时。结果发现,⑴延长提取时间提高了记忆成绩和记忆保持率。⑵即时测试条件下,提取时间较短时,不同难度材料的记忆成绩差异不显著;提取时间较长时,困难材料的记忆成绩高于容易材料;困难材料的记忆保持率在不同提取时间下均高于容易材料。⑶延迟测试条件下,无论提取时间长短,困难材料的记忆成绩及保持率均高于容易材料。研究表明,延长提取时间对提取练习效应的影响受材料难度的调节;情境背景和必要难度是解释该调节作用的可能理论框架。Research has revealed that retrieval duration is a key factor of Retrieval Practice Effect(RPE).Appropriately extending the retrieval duration can generate more retrieval efforts and thus effectively improve memory performance and retention,especially for items being successfully retrieved in initial tests.However,when considering learning practice,conditions become more complicated.Furthermore,according to studies on study-time allocation,material difficulty will affect the monitoring and control of the learning process.Learners tend to adjust the choice of learning content according to the difficulty of the learning materials,which in turn leads to different learning outcomes.Besides,based on the Desirable Difficulty Hypothesis of RPE,compared with easier retrieval activities,learners will pay more effort to retrieve difficult items.Once retrieved successfully,those items’storage strength can be improved,and so does the long-term retention.The Elaborative Retrieval account and the Episodic Context Account of RPE also predict that when learning items are relatively difficult,learners may reconstruct and update learning backgrounds,generating more retrieval clues during retrieval processes,and increasing the possibility of successful retrieval in the future.The current research attempts to examine how material difficulty moderate the relationship between retrieval duration and RPE,and to find a theoretical framework to account for it.Experiment 1 is a 2(retrieval duration:8 seconds,13 seconds)×2(material difficult:easy,difficult)mixed design.Sixty-one college students studied 20 pairs of the difficult material(weak cue related,e.g.farmer-tea)and easy material(strong cue related,e.g.lawyer-judge)respectively,and then retrieved the relevant target words based on the cue words for 8 or 13 seconds.Participants took final test to assess their learning performance(test scores and retention rates)after 5 minutes.Experiment 2 took a similar design,except that the final test was extended to 24 hours to examine material

关 键 词：提取练习效应 提取时间 材料难度 

分 类 号：B842.3[哲学宗教—基础心理学]