近代体操教育的流变及当代启示  

Changes and Contemporary Enlightenment of Modern Gymnastics Education

作　　者：王水泉[1] 姜金红 李永春 WANG Shuiquan;JIANG Jinhong;LI Yongchun(College of Physical Education and Health Sciences,Zhejiang Normal University,Jinhua 321004,China;College of Xingzhi,Zhejiang Normal University,Jinhua 321004,China)

机构地区：[1]浙江师范大学体育与健康科学学院,浙江金华321004 [2]浙江师范大学行知学院,浙江金华321004

出　　处：《体育科学》2022年第8期33-46,共14页China Sport Science

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目(16BTY006)。

摘　　要：为厘清近代体操教育流变的脉络、各流派的特征,探寻其当代启示,研究认为,近代医学与思想领域对“身体教育”重要性的揭示,使近代体操教育的创立成为可能。18世纪中后期近代体操教育创立阶段,为建立属于每个国民的体操教育,突出完善人格教育的价值,以“自然性”为教育方法论,维劳密勾勒出了近代体操教育的基本方向,古茨穆斯承前启后,从实践出发,奠定了近代体操教育发展的基础,维斯则开启了“科学”研究体操教育的序幕,裴斯泰洛齐(Johan Heinrich Pestalozzi)从教育学、心理学角度洞察到了体操教育的人格陶冶价值。19世纪初,战争的威胁和工业的发展使德国、瑞典、丹麦成为了近代体操全球化的三大策源地。在国家主义背景下,政治性、道德性、军事性是之后各国近代体操教育的普遍特征。扬(Friedrich Ludwig Jahn)以“国民性”为思想依据的“德国体操”,突出精神的培养,重视器械体操。林(Per Henrik Ling)以生理学为理论基础的“瑞典体操”,带有鲜明的科学主义特征,重视徒手体操和轻器械体操。布克(Nicls Bukh)纠正军事化体操教育的弊端,创建的民众化的“基本体操”,突出强健性、柔韧性、灵敏性,重视基本体操、韵律体操、手持轻器械体操。19世纪中期施皮斯(Adolf Spiess)开创的近代学校体操教育必修制度重视集体徒手秩序体操。研究认为,反思“身体教育”“自然性”的内涵,正确认识身心关系,统筹考虑运动文化属性,有利于体操课程现代教育使命的更好实现。With a view to clarifying the changing context of modern gymnastics education and the characteristics of various schools,and exploring its contemporary inspirations,the research suggests that the revelation of the importance of“physical education”in the field of modern medicine and ideology makes the emergence of modern gymnastics education possible.At the founding stage of modern gymnastics education in the middle and late 18th century,in order to establish gymnastics education belonging to each national,highlight the value of improving personality education,and take“naturalness”as the educational methodology,P.Villaume outlined the basic direction of modern gymnastics education;J.C.F.GutsMuths inherited from the past and set the foundation for the development of modern gymnastic education from practice;G.U.A.Vieth opened the prelude to“scientific”research gymnastics teaching;Johan heinrich Pestalozzi put insights into the personality of gymnastic education from the perspectives of pedagogy and psychology.At the beginning of the 19th century,it was the danger of war and the development of industry that made Germany,Switzerland and Denmark became the three major origins of modern gymnastics globalization.Under the background of nationalism,politics,morality and military character were the universal characteristics of modern gymnastics education in various countries.Friedrich Ludwig Jahn’s“German Gymnastics”,which was based on“national character”,emphasized the cultivation of spirit,and attached importance to equipment gymnastics.Per Henrik Ling’s“Swedish Gymnastics”,which was based on physiology,had distinctive scientism characteristics,and attached importance to the use of freehand and light equipment gymnastics.N.Bukh corrected the shortcomings of militarized gymnastics education and created a popular“Basic Gymnastics”,highlighting the improvement of robustness,flexibility,and agility,and attach importance to basic gymnastics,rhythmic gymnastics and hand-held light equipment gymn

关 键 词：身体教育 自然性 人格塑造 国家主义 臣民教育 形式化 

分 类 号：G80-05[文化科学—运动人体科学]