秸秆和有机肥配合替代部分化肥提高作物水分利用率减少土壤硝态氮残留  

Effects of combined straw and organic fertilizer application as partial replacement for chemical fertilizers on water use efficiency and soil nitrate residue

作　　者：赵凯男 吴金芝[1] 李俊红 田文仲[2,3] 张洁 李芳 侯园泉[1] 张振旺 姚宇卿[2,3] 吕军杰 黄明 李友军 ZHAO Kai-nan;WU Jin-zhi;LI Jun-hong;TIAN Wen-zhong;ZHANG Jie;LI Fang;HOU Yuan-quan;ZHANG Zhen-wang;YAO Yu-qing;LÜJun-jie;HUANG Ming;LI You-jun(Agricultural College,Henan University of Science and Technology,Luoyang,Henan 471023,China;Luoyang Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences,Luoyang,Henan 471023,China;Luoyang Dryland Agriculture Test Site,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Luoyang,Henan 471023,China)

机构地区：[1]河南科技大学农学院,河南洛阳471023 [2]洛阳农林科学院,河南洛阳471023 [3]中国农业科学院洛阳旱农试验基地,河南洛阳471023

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2022年第10期1770-1781,共12页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0300400,2018YFD0300700);河南科技大学博士科研启动基金项目(13480082)。

摘　　要：【目的】研究长期秸秆和有机肥配合替代部分化肥对小麦玉米一年两熟种植制度下农田生产力及氮肥残留的影响,为改善旱地土壤肥力,提高作物产量,降低环境风险提供科学依据。【方法】依托中国农业科学院洛阳旱农试验基地始于2007年的长期定位培肥试验,选取不施肥对照(CK)、常规氮磷钾化肥(NPK)、秸秆和有机肥配合替代1/3的氮磷钾养分(SOR)3个处理。调查了2015—2020年度夏玉米、冬小麦及周年产量、生育期耗水量、水分利用效率;分析了2020年冬小麦收获期0—60 cm土层土壤养分含量,以及硝态氮在0—380 cm土层剖面的分布积累量。【结果】与2007年试验开始时相比,2020年CK处理0—20 cm土层土壤养分(除速效钾外)含量显著下降,而NPK和SOR处理不同程度地提高了土壤养分含量。与NPK处理相比,SOR处理0—60 cm土层土壤有机质含量显著提高了10.4%~16.4%,0—40 cm土层全氮含量显著提高了16.7%~20.0%,0—20 cm土层土壤速效磷和速效钾含量分别显著提高了12.9%和15.4%。与NPK处理相比,SOR处理夏玉米产量在干旱年(2015和2017年)及5年平均分别显著提高了35.3%和10.1%,水分利用效率在干旱年、平水年(2016年)及5年均值分别显著提高了42.7%、12.3%和18.5%,周年产量和水分利用效率在干旱年分别显著提高了20.5%和23.5%;冬小麦产量在不同降水年型下均未显著降低,但水分利用效率在平水年(2015—2016、2016—2017、2019—2020)及5年均值较NPK处理分别显著降低了9.8%和7.9%。NPK处理的硝态氮总累积量为732 kg/hm^(2),其中68.2%积累在100—230 cm土层;SOR处理的硝态氮总累积量为833 kg/hm^(2),其中74.8%积累在80—200 cm土层。与NPK处理相比,SOR处理显著降低了200—380 cm土层土壤硝态氮积累量,在200—230、260—290、320—350和350—380 cm土层分别显著降低了54.9%、21.1%、25.0%、57.9%。【结论】无论降雨多寡,秸秆和有机肥配合替代1【Objectives】We studied the effects of combined straw and organic fertilizer application as replacement for partial chemical fertilizer on crop yield,water use efficiency and soil NO_(3)^(-)-N residue to improve soil fertility and reducing environmental risks in dryland.【Methods】A long-term field experiment was conducted at the Luoyang Dry Farming Experimental Station of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Henan Province,since 2007.The tested treatments included no fertilizer control(CK),NPK fertilizer(NPK),and replacing 1/3 of NPK input with straw and organic fertilizer(SOR).The yield,water consumption of winter wheat and summer maize were investigated from 2015 to 2020.The soil nutrient content in the 0-60 cm soil layer and nitrate-N content in the 0-380 cm soil profile were analyzed after the harvest of winter wheat in 2020.【Results】Compared to 2007,CK treatment significantly decreased 0-20 cm soil nutrient content,except readily available K,while NPK and SOR treatments improved soil nutrient content in 2020.Compared to NPK,SOR treatment increased organic matter content in 0-60 cm soil layer by 10.4%-16.4%,total N in 0-40 cm soil layer by 16.7%-20.0%,available P and readily available K in 0-20 cm soil layer by 12.9%and 15.4%,respectively(P<0.05).Compared to NPK,SOR treatment increased maize yield by 35.3%in drought years(2015 and 2017)and by 10.1%on average of 5-years;enhanced maize water use efficiency by 42.7%,12.3%and 18.5%in dry years,normal year(2016)and 5-year on average;and increased the annual yield and water use efficiency by 20.5%and 23.5%in the dry years on average.However,SOR treatment did not significantly change the yield of winter wheat across the 5-years,but significantly reduced the water use efficiency by 9.8%in the normal years(2015—2016,2016—2017,2019—2020)and by 7.9%on average of 5-years.The NO_(3)^(-)-N residue in NPK treatment was 732 kg/hm^(2)and 68.2%was retained in 100-230 cm soil profile,while the NO_(3)^(-)-N residue in SOR treatment was 833 kg/hm^(2)and 74.8%s

关 键 词：小麦-玉米两熟制 秸秆还田配合施用有机肥 化肥减施 产量 水分利用效率 土壤养分 硝态氮残留量 

分 类 号：S147[农业科学—肥料学]