马克思“需要理论”的生态性论析  

On the Ecology of Marx's“Need Theory”

作　　者：穆艳杰[1] 冯言哲 MU Yan-jie;FENG Yan-zhe(College of Marxism,Jilin University,Changchun 130012,China)

机构地区：[1]吉林大学马克思主义学院,长春130012

出　　处：《哈尔滨工业大学学报（社会科学版）》2022年第6期125-131,共7页Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology(Social Sciences Edition)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“习近平生态文明建设新思想与中国实践研究”(16ZZD032)。

摘　　要：马克思通过对“真假需要”的区分,以及对资本主义生产方式催生的“虚假需要”的批判向我们表明:人的“真实需要”的满足并不会与生态可持续性要求发生冲突;相反,生态良性的发展目标恰恰是人的“真实需要”的重要构成。相较于绿色批评家以一种消极性解释范式抑制人的“需要”而言,马克思从积极性解释范式出发试图最大限度地满足人的“需要”(前提是“真实需要”)。在马克思的理论语境下,人类“需要”的核心是人的“自我实现的需要”。所以,人类“真实需要”的满足,不仅要超越国民经济学仅仅在肉体生存狭隘层面上理解的生理需要,而且还应该包括能够体现“发展”“否定”“超越”维度层面的“自我实现需要”。严格意义来说,“自我实现需要”中的“需要”指涉的并非生产活动的生产对象,而是生产活动的生产方式,即生产如何进行的问题。并且,人的“自我实现需要”的实现应该在生产活动的具体过程中完成,而不是通过生产劳动来完成。即是说,不应该将生产劳动作为手段,而应该作为目的来看待。在共产主义社会,“人的自我实现”是社会性和自然性的统一。对马克思的“需要理论”做上述理解,不仅能够回应西方绿色批评家的理论误判,而且有助于深化对马克思“需要理论”的生态化研究。Through the distinction between“true and false needs”and the criticism of“false needs”promoted by the conditions of the capitalist system,Marx showed us a problem:the satisfaction of people's“real needs”will not conflict with the requirements of ecological sustainability;on the contrary,the goal of ecologically sound development is precisely an important component of people's“real needs”.Compared with green critics'inhibition of people's“needs”with a negative interpretation paradigm,Marx tried to meet people's“needs”to the greatest extent from the positive interpretation paradigm(the premise is“real needs”).In the context of Marx's theory,the core of human“needs”is human“needs for self-realization”.Therefore,the satisfaction of human's“real needs”should not only surpass the physiological needs understood by national economics only at the narrow level of physical survival,but also include the“self-realization needs”that can reflect the dimension of“development”and“transcendence”.In a strict sense,the“need”in“self-realization need”refers not to the production object of production activities,but to the production mode of production activities,that is,how to carry out production.Moreover,the realization of people's“self-realization needs”should be completed in the specific process of production activities,not through production labor.In other words,productive labor should not be regarded as a means,but as an end.In a Communist society,“human self-realization”is the unity of sociality and naturalness.The above understanding of Marx's“need theory”can not only respond to the theoretical misjudgment of Western Green critics,but also help to deepen the ecological research of Marx's“need theory”.

关 键 词：马克思 需要理论 真实需要 虚假需要 人的自我实现 

分 类 号：B82-058[哲学宗教—伦理学]