疯狂与道德:近代精神诊疗观的历史演化  

Madness and Morality:The Historical Evolution of Modern Mental Diagnosis and Treatment

作　　者：章景然 ZHANG Jing-ran(School of Marxism,Nanjing Tech University,Nanjing 211816,China)

机构地区：[1]南京工业大学马克思主义学院,江苏南京211816

出　　处：《医学与哲学》2022年第15期70-76,共7页Medicine and Philosophy

基　　金：2022年江苏高校哲学社会科学研究一般项目(2022SJYB0227)。

摘　　要：古典时代,人们对精神疾病认知混合神学与民间自然主义思想,“疯者”被看作恶魔化身,诊疗手段以“驱魔”及体液论观点下的“放血”等物理治疗为主。启蒙时代,在理性主义思想影响下,“疯者”被看作无理性的“非人”,诊疗手段融合神秘主义、神学、先验论等社会观念,但其本质未突破传统治疗框架。18世纪末,部分改革者倡导给予“疯者”尊严与温暖,人道主义、伦理学与心理学迈入精神病学视野,促成“疯人院”社会改革。对近代精神诊疗观的历史梳理,有助于深入考察近代社会医学观念的更迭,对医疗史研究范畴拓展不乏裨益。Mental disease diagnosis usually intertwined theology and folk naturalism in the classical era,"lunatic"was regarded as the incarnation of demons,and the treatment was mainly physical methods such as"exorcism"and"bloodletting"based on the theory of liquids.In the age of enlightenment,under the influence of the idea of rationalism,"lunatic"was regarded as irrational"inhuman".The diagnosis and treatment methods integrated the social concepts of mysticism,theology,and preconception,but their essence did not break through the traditional treatment framework.By the end of the 18th century,some reformers advocated giving dignity and warmth to the"lunatic".Since then,humanitarianism,ethics and psychology entered the field of psychiatry,contributing to the social reform of"lunatic asylum".The historical review of the modern concept of mental diagnosis and treatment is helpful for in-depth investigation of the changes in the medical concept in modern society,and it is of great benefit to the expansion of the scope of medical history research.

关 键 词：精神诊疗 道德治疗 疯人院改革 

分 类 号：R-09[医药卫生]