滴灌施肥对桃树细根生长及氮素吸收的影响  

Effects of drip fertigation on fine root growth and nitrogen absorption of peach tree

作　　者：张守仕[1] 谢克英[1] 常介田[1] 韩芳[1] 乔宝营[1] 柴梦颖[1] 徐明辉[1] ZHANG Shou-shi;XIE Ke-ying;CHANG Jie-tian;HAN Fang;QIAO Bao-ying;CHAI Meng-ying;XU Ming-hui(Henan Vocational College of Agriculture,Zhengzhou,Henan 451450,China)

机构地区：[1]河南农业职业学院,河南郑州451450

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2022年第11期2097-2105,共9页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：河南省重点研发与推广专项(192102110039);河南省大宗水果产业技术体系建设专项(Z2014-11-01)。

摘　　要：【目的】从桃树根系生长角度探讨滴灌施肥提高氮肥利用率的机理,为提高滴灌施肥技术提供理论依据。【方法】田间试验于2016年开始,在河南中牟综合试验站进行,供试材料为两年生桃树。设置滴灌施肥和传统施肥两个处理,滴灌施肥的氮磷钾用量为传统施肥的40%~60%。将微根管埋于距桃树60 cm远、40 cm深处,连续3年观测根系的生长状况。2018年桃树落叶后,利用^(15)N示踪方法测定了桃树不同器官的氮素养分吸收和运转量,计算了氮肥利用率。【结果】滴灌施肥桃树的细根性状与传统肥水处理差异显著。传统肥水桃树细根褐变时间为38天,细根中值寿命为107天,细根现存量为82条,而滴灌施肥处理三指标依次为生长51天、147天、311条。细根年周转率各年份间差异大,但滴灌施肥处理显著低于传统肥水处理。8月下旬根系活力滴灌施肥处理最高达39.47 mg/(g·h),传统肥水处理仅为27.86 mg/(g·h),11月下旬两处理的根系接近休眠状态,根系活力差异不显著。滴灌施肥处理桃树各部位Ndff值显著高于传统肥水处理,滴灌施肥处理氮素吸收利用率达到17.89%,传统肥水处理氮素吸收利用率为9.75%,滴灌施肥处理显著高于传统肥水处理。【结论】滴灌施肥处理提高了根系细根数量,延长了至细根褐变时间,提高了细根中值寿命,提高了细根现存量,降低了细根周转率,生长季内提高了根系活力,因此提高了氮素吸收利用率。【Objectives】This study compared the fine root traits of peach trees under drip fertigation and conventional fertilization to provide a basis for further improving the efficiency of drip fertigation technology.【Methods】We studied the growth dynamics of fine roots of peach trees in a field experiment conducted at Zhongmu Experimental Base,Henan Province.The study was carried out for three years consecutively,taking 2-year-old peach trees as test materials.Drip fertigation(FG)and conventional fertilization(TF)were set up,with 40%–60%less NPK input in FG than TF.The minirhizotron of 70 cm long and 70 mm diameter was buried 40 cm deep and 60 cm away from the peach trees to monitor fine root number,lifespan,pigmentation,and standing crop,while the turnover rate was estimated.After leaf shedding in 2018,peach tree samples were collected,and the ^(15)N tracer technique was used to measure the N uptake and allocation.Further,soil samples were collected to determine NH_(4)^(+)-N and NO_(3)^(–)-N contents.【Results】Fine root population and traits were significantly different between TF and FG(P<0.05).The fine roots in TF took 38 days to become pigmented,with a median lifespan of 107 days and a standing root of 82.These indexes were 51 days,147 days,and 311 in FG.The number of standing roots decreased by year;the fine roots turnover rate in FG was markedly lower than TF across the three years.In late August,the root activity was 39.47 mg/(g·h)in FG and 27.86 mg/(g·h)in TF.In late November,peach roots in both treatments were in procession of dormancy,with no root activity difference.The Ndff amount in each part of the peach tree under FG was higher than TF (P<0.05) . The nitrogen utilization rate in FG (17.89%) was significantly higher than in TF (9.75%).【Conclusions】Drip fertigation promoted fine root emergence, prolonged the lifespan and inter-year turnover rate, increased the number of standing roots, the root activity in growing seasons, and nitrogen uptake and utilization rate.

关 键 词：滴灌施肥 桃树 细根生长 细跟褐变 氮素吸收 

分 类 号：S662.1[农业科学—果树学]