公民不服从的终结--基于罗尔斯忠诚法律观的理论逻辑  

The End of Civil Disobedience-A Theoretical Logic Based on Rawls’Theory of Loyalty to Law

作　　者：贺海仁[1] He Hairen

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院法学研究所

出　　处：《环球法律评论》2022年第6期152-170,共19页Global Law Review

摘　　要：规范的公民不服从理论由公民德性观、去革命化的宪制观以及有机团结的正义感等实质要件构成,确立了忠诚法律的法理命题。以规范的公民不服从作为标准,西方历史上的公民不服从典型案例或是变相的革命,或是被认可的合宪行动,凸显了西方历史语境中忠诚法律观的独特性和矛盾性。规范的公民不服从理论在法哲学体系内部带来了结构性法理难题,它们包括非暴力强制、道德权利法定化、恶法非法、服从自己等命题。公民不服从的法定化、民主化主张没有挽救公民不服从的命运,反而推动了公民不服从走向自我消解之路。忠诚法律的实质规范成为其意欲指导的实践的对立面,忽视了国家能力的合法性维度,暴露了自由主义国家理论的局限性。对规范的公民不服从的替代方案不是要降低或转化某些标准或要素。通过诉诸宪法权利的动态解释方法,使宪法权利与社会文化、道德权利等非法律资源相协调,用足用好现代国家权利救济机制,保持合法性机制自我生产的制度性方法。The normative theory of civil disobedience,which contains substantive elements such as the concept of civic virtue,a de-revolutionary view of the constitution,and philia’s sense of justice,produces“legal saints”to safeguard the constitutional order and completes the transformation from obedience to law to loyalty to law.If civil disobedience is broadly interpreted in the discourse of rationality,it may become a synonym for revolution,crime,or private remedy.In the context of normative civil disobedience,the constitutional order governed by the fundamental norm is not something that supporters of civil disobedience should oppose,but a cause of the rule of law that they should faithfully defend and dedicate themselves to.Once the domain of civil disobedience shifts from religious disobedience and conscientious disobedience to normative civil disobedience,the theoretical basis of civil disobedience changes paradigmatically.With normative civil disobedience as the benchmark,the classic cases of civil disobedience can be seen as either a disguised form of revolution or a constitutional act.This exemplifies the queerness and contradiction of the concept of loyalty to law in the Western context.Taking civil disobedience cases out of western textbooks as a role model for non-western countries ignores the historical context in which the ideal cases exist.Civil disobedience expresses legal allegiance by illegality,thus bringing a number of dilemmas for jurisprudence such as nonviolent coercion,legalization of moral rights,illegitimacy of evil law,and self-obedience.Although the democratization and legalization of civil disobedience regulate the arbitrariness of bona fide illegality and the uncertainty resulting from the right to disobey the law,they deny the intrinsic value of civil disobedience.The normative theory of civil disobedience sets high standards for implementation,which have excessively limited civil disobedience,tamed this complex political practice,and produced a clawless paradigm.Normative civil disobe

关 键 词：公民不服从 规范性 忠诚法律 国家能力 权利救济 

分 类 号：D909.1[政治法律—法学理论]