复杂敏感刑事案件的裁判及释法说理  

Judgments in Complex and Sensitive Criminal Cases and Their Interpretation

作　　者：黎宏[1] Li Hong

机构地区：[1]清华大学法学院

出　　处：《环球法律评论》2022年第6期103-117,共15页Global Law Review

摘　　要：当公民因行使政治权利而触犯刑法等法律时,对涉及这类情形的复杂敏感案件如何进行裁判和释法说理,是我国司法实践中长期以来存在的难题。日本法院在涉及公民基本权利争议、对《日美安全保障条约》的解释、警察权行使与学术自由的冲突等复杂敏感刑事案件的审理中,首先会确定政治立场,即在具体案件的刑事审判中,厘清在特定历史时空条件下相关行为的性质以及预估该判决将来可能产生的“重大影响”,并将此置于司法裁判中的重要位置乃至首要位置。这种政治衡量、事实说理与法律解释相结合的审理方法,在维持日本宪法制度的前提下,发挥了司法机关社会关系调整器的作用,妥当巧妙地处理了各种矛盾和冲突。这些审理经验值得我们在处理类似案件时参考和借鉴,对于实现“用法律的手段解决好带有政治敏感性的问题、用政治意识处理好疑难复杂的法律问题”而言大有裨益。Complex and sensitive criminal cases mainly refer to cases involving crimes committed by citizens in the exercise of their basic political rights granted by the constitution,such as the crime of gathering a crowd to disturb public order committed in the exercise of the right of association and the right of assembly,and the crime of inciting the subversion of state power and the crime of inciting the split of the country when exercising the right of speech and the right of publication.How to judge and interpret these cases has been a long-standing problem in Chinese judicial practice.Japan is similar to China in historical and cultural backgrounds.After the Second World War,it established a new constitution that emphasizes the democratic legal system by following the example of the western system of the rule of law.However,the supporting legal system was not perfected in time,leading to significant legal disputes in the process of enforcing the constitution.Related cases were finally judged by the Supreme Court and the judgments in these cases laid the legal foundation for dealing with important political controversies in post-war Japan.In the trial of complex criminal cases,such as cases relating to the exercise of the right to labor dispute by a public official,the Treaty of Security and Safeguard Between Japan and the United States,and conflicts between the exercise of police power and academic freedom,Japanese courts have adopted the trial method of political and reasonable analysis to play the role of regulator of social relations while maintaining the constitutional system and dealing with various conflicts in an appropriate and skillful way.When dealing with criminal cases involving complex sensitive political issues in trial of specific cases,Japanese judges will first determine their political stance,that is,clarify the nature of related acts in the specific historical space-time conditions,estimate their possible“significant impact”in the future,and place this in an important,even primary position of

关 键 词：复杂敏感刑事案件 基本权利 危害国家安全罪 日本刑事裁判 

分 类 号：D931.3[政治法律—法学] DD911