大数据个人画像应用的认知不公问题  

Epistemic Injustice in the Application of User Profiles Generated by Big Data

作　　者：谭笑[1] Tan Xiao

机构地区：[1]首都师范大学哲学系

出　　处：《哲学动态》2022年第11期109-116,F0003,共9页Philosophical Trends

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“默会知识的知识论研究”(编号18BZX039)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：大数据生成的个人画像,在大量社会事务中取代了自我知识而成为判断依据,对个人造成了认知伤害,从而形成认知不公。认知不公通常被认为在认知和伦理两方面都带来了伤害,但由于自我知识并不具有认识论优越性,大数据与之相比并不妨害求知过程,这对认知不公的认知维度标准构成了一个悖论。这一悖论在交易型不公层面上确实存在,而在结构型不公中被消解,即在后一层面个人画像不合理地构成了认知权威,系统性地提前将主体自身排除在外,对社会构成了结构型认知不公。User profiles generated by big data have replaced self-knowledge as a basis for judgment in a wide variety of social affairs,and this causes epistemic harm to individuals. For example,employers tend to select qualified candidates from a large pool of applicants based on personal profiles drawn from the data engineered by the professional networking applications. Some scholars suggest that there might be an element of epistemic injustice involved with user profiling based on several factors: big data profiling seems “objective”,which makes it appear as a more reliable source;however,it is not controlled by the data subject,but rather detached from it. User profiling alienates an electorate as a mere object that disregards the identity of the subject. This not only deprives the subject of liberty in managing his or her personal profile,but it also provides no additional resources to interpret digital entities.Epistemic injustice is usually considered destructive from the standpoints of epistemology and ethics,and it occurs in situations where one party is epistemically superior and the other is unreasonably underestimated or ignored. Thus,it is important to compare and understand the pros and cons of self-knowledge in relation to big data profiling from these two perspectives. Self-knowledge is not usually epistemically superior,since big data offers a powerful tool for acquiring knowledge of the subject from an outside third-person view. Much like the natural sciences,precise user profiles offer new viewpoints for people to understand themselves compared to self-knowledge,from which more informed conclusions can be drawn,for example with issues of decisionmaking. In this sense,user profiles do not necessarily impede the truth-seeking process,and they seem to be only ethically harmful rather than epistemically unfair,so it does not represent a case of double injustice.Specifically regarding personal knowledge and confidence transactions,big data,which provides more reliable knowledge than self-knowledge,does no

关 键 词：自我知识 个人画像 交易型认知不公 结构型认知不公 

分 类 号：B82-0[哲学宗教—伦理学]