任务切换理论争议新证据  

New Evidence for Different Views of Task Switching

作　　者：付美玲 李富洪[1] 谢流芳 Fu Meiling;Li Fuhong;Xie Liufang(School of Psychology,Jiangxi Normal University,Nanchang,330022)

机构地区：[1]江西师范大学心理学院,南昌330022

出　　处：《心理科学》2022年第5期1085-1091,共7页Journal of Psychological Science

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(31571118,31860278,31760285)的资助。

摘　　要：任务切换是研究认知控制的主要范式之一。大量研究发现切换试次比重复试次的反应时更长,错误率更高,这种差异称为切换代价。任务切换时产生切换代价的理论解释主要有惯性论、重构论和联结论。近十年来,这些理论均获得新的实验支持和发展,但其争议依旧,没有哪一理论能成功解释任务切换的所有效应。未来研究可以建立整合模型,以准确描述切换代价产生的认知机制。Task switching is an important component of executive functions. Switch costs refer to the differences in reaction times and error rates between switch and repeat conditions, theoretical explanations of which include task-set inertia, task-set reconfiguration, and associative retrieval.The task-set inertia account claims that task-set still remains after a task has been implemented, and this task-set inertia is the key element to give rise to switch costs. Strong evidence for the task-set inertia account came from studies that found n-2 repetition costs(backward inhibition), i.e.,longer reaction times in n-2 repeat trials(ABA) than in n-2 switch trials(CBA). In recent years, the task-set inertia account has been supported by new evidence, but the nature of inhibition was questioned. Decrease of alpha power during task switching confirmed that inhibition is an important process of task switching. Nevertheless, some studies replicated n-2 repetition costs, but pointed out that the nature of backward inhibition might be proactive control, not reactive control as traditional views deemed. The task-set reconfiguration account proposes that endogenous control is needed to change tasks, which may include shifting attention between task-sets, retrieving task goals and rules into working memory, enabling a different response-set.Main evidence for the reconfiguration account came from studies that found preparation effect, an effect that switch costs decrease as preparation time increases. However, switch costs cannot be fully eliminated by preparation, and thus the cause of the residual switch costs must be probed. There are two reconfiguration models to explain the residual switch costs: two-stage model and all-or-none model. In recent years, the reconfiguration account has been supported by a series of studies. Studies that explored hierarchical effect in task switching indicated reconfiguration is a necessary process as it takes longer time to switch upward than switch downward. Some studies compared switch costs follo

关 键 词：任务切换 切换代价 任务设置惯性 任务设置重构 刺激-反应联结竞争 

分 类 号：B842[哲学宗教—基础心理学]