论我国消费损害赔偿特别代表人诉讼机制的构建  

On Construction of Litigation Mechanism of Special Representatives over Dispute of Consumption Damages in Our Country

作　　者：范晓亮[1] Fan Xiaoliang

机构地区：[1]安徽大学法学院

出　　处：《法学》2022年第12期108-122,共15页Law Science

基　　金：2020年度国家社科基金项目“国际私法视域下中国法域外适用的制度构建研究”(项目编号:20&ZD202);2021年度国家社科基金项目“推进涉外法治背景下中国法域外适用的制度构建研究”(项目编号:21BFX156)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：基于消费争议的单位数额小、总体数额大、人数不确定和扩散性等特点,消费者的个体损害赔偿与整体权益保护往往难以截然分开,损害赔偿争议不易通过单独诉讼解决,代表人诉讼成为主要方式。但我国《民事诉讼法》规定的普通代表人诉讼的实际效果有限,而《证券法》规定的证券特别代表人诉讼的有效经验值得推广,美国法上的集团诉讼和欧盟法上的代表人诉讼也可资借鉴。我国相关立法为省级以上消费者协会代表消费者提起损害赔偿诉讼留下了空间。消费者协会具有保护消费者权益的法定职权,在得到符合法定人数消费者的授权后,应被视为满足了代表人与实体法律关系的适当限度联系,因而可基于代理型任意诉讼担当理论提起损害赔偿特别代表人诉讼。在此基础上,通过默示加入制凝聚诉讼请求,有利于实现特别代表人诉讼的损害赔偿目标和诉讼效率,并可产生显著的外部性以保护消费者整体权益,实现公益效果,但作为程序正当性依据的诉权保障须予明确。In accordance with the characteristics of the small amount of individual unit,large amount of totality,uncertain numbers of victims and diffusivity,it’s hard to divide the individual consumer damage compensation and the protection of totality.Therefore,representative action had been regarded as the main method of the solution for damage compensation disputes rather than the individual action.The practical effect of common representative action provided in Civil Procedure Law is limited.Nevertheless,the experiences of the special representative action provided in Security Law are worthy to be consulted,including the experiences of class action in US law and representative action in EU law.Chinese law had been provided the possibility to authorize the China Consumer Association and provincial consumer associations to initiate the damage compensation action.Consumer association is legally qualified to protect the consumers,and it could be recognized that the consumer association as the representative satisfied the proper contact requirement with the substantive legal relations,therefore it could initiate the damage compensation action based on agentic style of discretionary action undertaking theory.Based on the due process protection of right of claim,the action could generate a large scale of the claims based on the optout system,which facilitates to realize the goal and efficiency of the damage compensation action,and the external effect could be generated to protect the consumer rights and public interest.

关 键 词：代表人诉讼 特别代表人诉讼 任意诉讼担当 消费争议 损害赔偿 

分 类 号：D925.1[政治法律—诉讼法学] D923.8[政治法律—法学] D922.287