公羊学背景下的《史记·孔子世家》  

Rethinking Historical Records of the Confucius Family in the Context of Gongyang School

作　　者：姜鹏[1] Jiang Peng(Department of History,Fudan University,Shanghai 200433,China)

机构地区：[1]复旦大学历史学系,上海200433

出　　处：《复旦学报（社会科学版）》2022年第6期123-133,共11页Fudan Journal（Social Sciences）

摘　　要：历来质疑和维护《史记·孔子世家》体例合理性者都很多,将“公侯传国”作为“世家”体例的基本内涵,是干扰我们正确理解《孔子世家》的重要障碍。解决这个问题的关键,是提高对《史记》文本经学性的认识。明末清初以来,不乏从《春秋》公羊学角度对《孔子世家》的写作意图作出解释者,但不够系统化。本文拟在前人研究基础上进一步指出,《史记》中因“作《春秋》”而具有超时代价值的孔子形象,主要来自董仲舒传授的公羊师说。唯有透过《史记》的《春秋》观,才能更好地理解《史记》的孔子观。《史记·孔子世家》也不是一篇单纯的历史传记,它与《陈涉世家》形成一个有机组合,共同承担着说明历史变化轨迹的任务,落实“通古今之变”中的“变”字。而这种历史变化轨迹描述,是与以公羊学为代表的西汉今文经学所建构的政治哲学相呼应的。唐代以后关于孔子、陈胜入于世家是否合理的争议,恰是在史学独立、公羊学衰微背景下产生的以史学思维替代经学构想的误解。There have always been many scholars who have questioned and maintained the rationality of Historical Records of the Confucius Family.The basic connotation of“The family inheritance of the Duke and Marquis”as the“Family”is an important obstacle to interfere with our correct understanding of Confucius Family.The key to solving this problem is to improve the understanding that Historical Records is a text deeply influenced by Classics.Since the end of the Ming and early Qing dynasties,there have been many interpreters probing on the writing intentions of Confucius Family from the perspective of Spring and Autumn,but they are not systematic.This article intends to further point out on the basis of previous studies that in Historical Records,the image of Confucius,who has excellent value due to Spring and Autumn,mainly comes from the Gongyang School taught by Dong Zhongshu.Only through the Spring and Autumn view of Historical Records can we better understand the Confucius view of Historical Records.Historical Records of the Confucius Family is not a simple historical biography.It forms an organic combination with Chen She’s Family to jointly take the task of explaining the trajectory of historical changes.The description of this historical changes is echoed by the political philosophy built by the Western Han confucian schools represented by Gongyang School.After the Tang Dynasty,Gongyang school fell into decline.Scholars began to question the rationality of Confucius Family and Chen She’s Family,because they began to use pure historical thinking,rather than Classics thinking to understand Historical Records.

关 键 词：司马迁 《史记·孔子世家》 公羊学 董仲舒 

分 类 号：K204.2[历史地理—历史学]