青海甘沟话多功能语法词“个”的功能及发展  

The Multi-functional Grammatical Word Ge(个)in Gangou Dialect of Qinghai Province:Its Functions and Development

作　　者：赵绿原 ZHAO Lüyuan(Institute of Linguistics,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院语言研究所

出　　处：《当代语言学》2022年第6期859-878,共20页Contemporary Linguistics

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目“历史语法视角下的青海甘沟话语法研究”(14AYY014)的资助。

摘　　要：本文系统考察了青海民和甘沟话语法词“个”的功能分布,从语言接触的角度讨论了各功能的来源及形成过程。甘沟话中一般写作“个”的形式包含四个不同的语法词:1)与数词组合构成数量词的通用量词“个”。2)指示代词“这个”的省略形式“个”,用于名词前表定指。3)土族语数词nige‘一’的省略形式ge在汉语中的对应形式“个”。这类“个”相当于“一”,用在名词后表单数不定指或类指;修饰动词则表示动作进行了一次,在此基础上发展出其他用法。4)与修饰语标记[ts?]组合使用的“个”,“[ts?]+个”可标记名词性修饰语或谓词性修饰语。甘沟话“个”的功能及其形成,显示了接触背景下的河湟方言中汉语语法词的复杂成因,也展示了接触导致的语言变化是如何与系统内其他语言成分协调互动的。Gangou dialect in Minhe county of Qinghai Province have a grammatical system under strong Altaic influence as a result of language contact.This paper systematically describes the grammatical distribution and the function of the grammatical element ge(个)in Gangou dialect,and discusses the origin and formation of its function from the perspective of language contact.The morpheme written as ge in Gangou dialect can be used as at least four different grammatical elements.i)As the general classifier,ge is used after numerals,forming a"Num.+ge"structure to express quantity.The structure can modify allcount nouns to indicate quantity,as well as constituting a part of VP to indicate times of action.i)As a definite marker,ge is abbreviated from the demonstrative zhige(这个),and is used before a noun phrase.In the phrase"ge+NP",ge is a deictic(and definite)marker,and it express not only singular but also plural meaning.ili)As the corresponding form of the numeral nige/ge‘one’in Manghuer(Minhe dialect of Tu language),ge is equal to one'.In this usage,ge comes after noun and marks the NP as having an indefinite or generic reference.It can also modify a verb as an adverb to mean‘once’.As a result of further grammaticalization,the adverb ge develops usages to a)imply that the action it modifies is quick and slight,or b)package the event as a whole for the purpose of enumeration or emphasis,or c)mark a sequential or logical dependent relation between two clauses.iv)As a modifier marker,ge can be used with the general modifier marker ts as“ts2+ge"to mark attributiveandadverbial modifiers.

关 键 词：“个” 指称 动量表达 语言接触 西北方言 

分 类 号：H172.2[语言文字—汉语]