文学小说阅读影响社会认知的心理机制  

The Psychological Mechanism on How Literature-Reading May Affect Social Cognition

作　　者：王鸢清 刘国雄 Wang Yuanqing;Liu Guoxiong(School of Psychology,Nanjing Normal University,Nanjing,210097)

机构地区：[1]南京师范大学心理学院,南京210097

出　　处：《心理科学》2022年第6期1524-1530,共7页Journal of Psychological Science

基　　金：南京师范大学道德教育研究所级课题(DYS20170601)的资助。

摘　　要：文学小说阅读可以提高个体社会认知能力,但具体心理机制有待探索。本文通过梳理以往研究,从小说的社会性和文学性两个视角入手,结合模拟理论、精加工似然模型和叙事传输理论探讨文学小说阅读影响社会认知的心理机制,并据此初步构建文学小说影响社会认知的动机-情感-认知加工策略框架。文学小说的社会性会增强读者对故事的情感卷入(叙事传输理论),引发读者对故事内容进行心理模拟(模拟理论);文学小说的文学性同样能增强读者的情感卷入(叙事传输理论),并促使读者在动机层面愿意耗费更多认知资源去理解故事(精加工似然模型),进而促进心理模拟。A growing number of studies have suggested that reading fiction may improve individuals’ social cognitive abilities, such as enhanced understanding of other people, increased altruistic behavior, and reduced prejudice. Focusing on two social cognitive abilities, empirical research supports that individuals who read more fiction perform better on tests of empathy and theory of mind. However, research to date has mostly only demonstrated the phenomena rather than systematically explored potential causal mechanisms of fiction-reading’s positive influence. Besides, whether the correlational results are specific to literary fiction has not been established. Some research claims that different durations of participants’ reading may be the reason for the inconsistent results, which may be moderated by different processing depths and emotional involvements or genres of fiction(e.g., literary fiction may require a longer time than popular fiction).Previous research has paid limited attention to the role of fiction characteristics, processing depth, and emotional involvement. To address this gap, the Simulation Theory, Elaboration Likelihood Model, and Narrative Transportation Theory have been invoked with a focus on the social realism and literariness of the fiction. Simulation Theory states that the critical process determining the relationship between reading fiction and improved social cognitive abilities is the mental simulation. Readers infer characters’ mental states as akin to understand others’ thoughts and emotions in real life. Highly socially realistic fiction is a mirror of the real-world that allows readers to gain social knowledge and hone key social-cognitive abilities.The Elaboration Likelihood Model provides an explanation for the observed social benefits of fiction from the aspect of motivation. According to this model, the unique linguistic form of literary fiction makes the reading experience complex, ambiguous, and requiring more cognitive effort of the reader — activate readers’ motivat

关 键 词：文学小说阅读 社会认知 模拟理论 精加工似然模型 叙事传输理论 

分 类 号：B842.1[哲学宗教—基础心理学] I0-05[哲学宗教—心理学]