揭开句法学之谜:主-谓二分及成分分析法的由来  

Unraveling the Mystery of Syntax: The Origin of Subject-Predicate Dichotomy and Component Analysis

作　　者：李葆嘉 LI Bao-jia

机构地区：[1]黑龙江大学俄罗斯语言文学与文化研究中心(教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地),哈尔滨150080 [2]新疆维吾尔自治区普通高等学校人文社会科学研究重点基地伊犁师范大学边疆中华文史研究中心,伊宁835000

出　　处：《华东师范大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2022年第6期76-95,178,共21页Journal of East China Normal University（Humanities and Social Sciences）

基　　金：国家社科基金一般项目“基于跟踪语料库的汉语幼儿话语能力发展研究”(项目编号:19BYY085)。

摘　　要：柏拉图采用二分法将句子划为名称成分(ōnoma)和陈述成分(rhēma),亚里士多德将命题分析为主词(hypokeimenon)和谓词(katigoria),阿波罗尼乌斯提出句子的主要部分是名词和动词,这些成为句法学主谓二分的蓝本。5世纪初,罗马学者马提阿努斯首先明确区分句法学上的主语(subjectiva)和谓语(declarativa),影响了9世纪的加洛林学者。8世纪下半叶,阿拉伯学者西巴维希将名词句析为话题和说明,将动词句析为施事和动作。此后的思辨语法(包括摩迪斯泰学派)、普遍语法接受了主谓二分,但未进一步细化。通过对十多部英语语法论著(18-19世纪)的考察,莱恩(1700)首先把逻辑的主谓术语引进英语句子分析,而格林尼(1848)首先建立了细化的英语句子成分分析法。Plato used a dichotomy to divide a sentence into its name components(ōnoma) and its declarative components(rhēma),Aristotle analyzed a proposition as the combination of a subject(hypokeimenon) and a predicate(katigoria),and Apollonius regarded nouns and verbs as the main parts of a sentence – all of these became the blueprint for the subject-predicate dichotomy in syntax. In the early 5^(th) century, the Roman scholar Martianus proposed the dichotomy of subject(subjectiva) and predicate(declarativa),which influenced French Carolingian scholars in the 9^(th) century. In the second half of the 8^(th) century,the Arab scholar Sibawayhi analyzed a noun sentence into the topic and the description, and a verb sentence into the agent and the action. After that, Speculative Grammar(including Modistae) and Universal Grammar accepted subject-predicate dichotomy, but did not further refine it. Through the examination of more than a dozen works on English grammar(in the 18^(th) and 19^(th) centuries),Lane introduced logical subject-predicate terms into English sentence analysis for the first time(in 1700), while Greene firstly established refined English sentence components analysis(in 1848).

关 键 词：主-谓二分 马提阿努斯 成分分析 英语语法 格林尼 

分 类 号：H314.3[语言文字—英语]