两类光照条件年份下遮膜模拟晴天霾情景对水稻生长与产量的影响研究  

Study on the Effects of Film-shading Simulating Sunny Day with Haze on Rice Growth and Yield in Two Types of Sunshine Years

作　　者：汪天颖 张弥[2] 张富存[2] 越昆[2] 黄笑颖 刘寿东[2] 肖薇[2] 王伟[2] 李旭辉 Wang Tianying;Zhang Mi;Zhang Fucun;Yue Kun;Huang Xiaoying;Liu Shoudong;Xiao Wei;Wang Wei;Li Xuhui(Institute of Meteorological Sciences of Hunan Province,Changsha 410118,China;Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters,Nanjing 210044,China;Hunan Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster Prevention and Mitigation,Changsha 410118,China;School of Forestry and Environmental Studies,Yale University,New Haven 06511,USA)

机构地区：[1]湖南省气象科学研究所,长沙410118 [2]南京信息工程大学气象灾害预报预警与评估协同创新中心,南京210044 [3]气象防灾减灾湖南省重点实验室,长沙410118 [4]School of Forestry and Environmental Studies,Yale University,New Haven 06511,USA

出　　处：《气象与环境科学》2022年第6期34-42,共9页Meteorological and Environmental Sciences

基　　金：公益性行业科研专项(GYHY201206020、GYHY201206022);湖南省自然科学基金(2020JJ5299);杂交稻制种风险防范气象科技服务(CGZH202001)。

摘　　要：近年来,由于我国灰霾天气增多,灰霾天气对水稻产量的影响已成为粮食安全须关注的热点问题。通过2014年、2015年水稻透明塑料薄膜遮阴大田对比试验,模拟评估了晴天霾情景下太阳总辐射量减少、散射辐射比例增加的太阳光照环境对总光照条件偏好(2015年)、总光照条件偏差(2014年)这两类典型年份水稻生长及其产量的影响,初步揭示出两类光照条件年份在霾情景对水稻生长规律、特点及其产量结构因子、产量的影响程度与作用机制。对比试验表明,两类光照条件年份在受到霾天气(晴天遮阴处理)影响后:(1)与对照组(CK)相比,处理组(T)在光照多的年份减产(9.95%)和光照少的年份减产(6.81%)均达到显著水平,减产率前者高出后者46.11%;光照多的年份受霾影响后产量甚至低于未曾受到霾影响的光照少的年份的产量。造成减产的主要原因是每平方米成穗数极显著减少,其次为千粒重降低、空秕率增加。(2)T的株高、叶片面积比CK的略有增加,且株高在灌浆开始之后差异较大,上层叶面积在分蘖末期之后差异显著,下层叶面积在灌浆成熟期差异显著;上层叶面积的差距总是大于下层同期的差距。(3)T的成熟期干物质重量一般呈显著减少,光照少的年份减少更为严重;茎秆贮存的干物质比例减少,通过增加叶片要素的比重维持了穗部的分配系数;光照多的年份干物质积累从茎秆转移至叶片,光照少的年份干物质减少而比叶面积增加。(4)T的上层、下层的叶面积均有所增加;成熟期单株叶重在光照少的年份呈极显著减少,在光照多的年份却显著增加;叶分配系数在不加处理时以光照少的年份为高,遮阴处理后以光照多的年份为高;成熟期比叶面积有增加,光照多的年份增加少(1.25%),而光照少的年份增加多(22.97%)。Increasing haze weather in China has made the impact of haze weather on rice production a hot issue that needs attention in food security in recent years.In this study,we have conducted a rice field comparison experiment based on transparent plastic film-shading in 2014(with less sunshine)and 2015(with relatively excessive sunshine),simulated and evaluated the impacts of the decrease in total solar radiation and the increase in diffuse radiation proportion in the haze scenario on rice growth and yield in two types of sunshine years.We have preliminarily revealed the influence mechanism of different types of sunshine years in haze scenarios on patterns and characteristics of rice growth,yield and its composition factors.Comparative experiments showed that after being affected by haze weather(film-shading test):(1)Compared with control group(CK),the reduction of rice yield reaches significant level in both relatively excessive sunshine year(9.95%)and less sunshine year(6.81%)in test group(T),and the yield reduction rate of the former is 46.11%higher than that of the latter.The yield of rice in relatively excessive sunshine year with heavy haze is even lower than that in less sunshine year without haze.The main reason for the yield decrease is the decrease in the number of mature spikes,followed by the decrease in thousand-grain weight and the increase in unfilling ratio.(2)The plant height and upper leaf area of T are slightly higher than those of CK,and the plant height,upper leaf area,and lower leaf area are different after filling stage,late tillering stage and filling stage,respectively.The difference between T and CK in upper leaf area is always greater than that in the lower leaf area.(3)The dry matter in the mature stage generally decreases significantly,and the reduction is more severe in less sunshine year.In T,the stem mass decreases and the proportion of leaf element increases,resulting in the maintenance of the distribution coefficient of spike.Dry matter accumulation transfers from stems to leaves in r

关 键 词：太阳总辐射 散射辐射比例 日照时数 水稻生长 产量构成因子 霾天气影响 透明塑料膜遮阴 

分 类 号：P49[天文地球—大气科学及气象学] X16[环境科学与工程—环境科学]