尼安德特人、丹尼索瓦人基因组的发现及其对现代人类的影响  

Discovery of genomes of Neanderthal,Denisova and its impact on modern human

作　　者：马晏然 项锋钢[1,2] Yanran Ma;Fenggang Xiang(Department of Pathology,School of Basic Medicine Qingdao University,Qingdao 266071,China;Department of Pathology,the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University,Qingdao 266000,China)

机构地区：[1]青岛大学基础医学院病理学系,青岛266071 [2]青岛大学附属医院病理科,青岛266000

出　　处：《科学通报》2022年第36期4337-4343,共7页Chinese Science Bulletin

摘　　要：2022年度诺贝尔生理学或医学奖授予瑞典生物学家、进化遗传学权威斯万特·帕博(Svante P??bo),以表彰他“在已灭绝古人类基因组和人类进化方面的发现”所作出的突出贡献.人类之所以为“人”是科学家们一直以来感兴趣的研究方向,Svante P??bo针对尼安德特人和丹尼索瓦人的研究有助于进一步加深对人类演化进程的理解,意义重大.他发现基因交流存在于早期的不同古人类之间,现代人类的基因组中含有已灭绝古人类的基因序列,比例不大,却在生理和病理方面影响着当今人类.本文简要总结了Svante P??bo的研究发现,并介绍遗传自尼安德特人和丹尼索瓦人的基因在新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)、免疫功能和低氧适应等方面是如何影响当今人类的.The 2022 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was surprisingly awarded to Svante Paabo for his establishment of a novel discipline,paleogenomics.Paleogenomics offers a potent means of understanding the course of modern human evolution.Paabo’s research lays a solid foundation for answering the question of what makes us,Homo sapiens,different from other hominins.This year’s Nobel laureate has observed genetic admixture in different groups of archaic humans,and found that parts of the genetic code of these extinct branches of the human evolutionary tree are present in the genomes of modern humans,influencing us both physiologically and pathologically.In this paper,Paabo’s research findings are first summarized to deepen,consolidate,and broaden the understanding of extinct hominins and paleogenomics.Paabo’s team was responsible for the first draft sequence of the Neanderthal genome,showing that between 1.5%and 2.1%of modern Eurasian genomes are derived from Neanderthals.They followed this with the complete Neanderthal genome sequence.Similarly,Paabo and colleagues published both the first draft and the complete sequence of the Denisovan genome.They found evidence of genetic admixture between the Denisovans and modern humans,showing that the genomes of people in Oceania are between 3%and 6%Denisovan while the figure for people in Asia is about 0.2%.Furthermore,at least 0.5%of the Denisovan genome was derived from the Neanderthals.The COVID-19 pandemic provided evidence of the good and bad qualities of the Neanderthal inheritance,particularly in relation to the immune systems of modern humans.A gene cluster on chromosome 3 that was inherited from Neanderthals was found to be associated with severe COVID-19.This gene cluster is mainly found in modern humans from the Middle East and southern Asia.Several genes included in this cluster have been demonstrated to play a role in immune functions and may be involved in the infection process of SARS-CoV-2.Interestingly,a gene segment on chromosome 12 which was also in

关 键 词：尼安德特人 丹尼索瓦人 现代人类 基因交流 

分 类 号：Q987[生物学—遗传学]