两组不同离心训练背景的女性运动员在跳深动作中下肢生物力学的差异及对ACL损伤预防的启示  

Differences in Lower Extremity Biomechanics during Drop Jump between Two Groups of Female Jumpers with Different Centrifugal Training Backgrounds and Implications for ACL Injury Prevention

作　　者：张鑫 胡婧 朱伟平 阮棉芳 伍勰[1] ZHANG Xin;HU Jing;ZHU Weiping;RUAN Mianfang;WU Xie(Shanghai University of Sport,Shanghai 200438,China;Wenzhou University,Wenzhou 325035,China)

机构地区：[1]上海体育学院,上海200438 [2]温州大学,浙江温州325035

出　　处：《中国体育科技》2022年第11期85-91,共7页China Sport Science and Technology

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(31871204)。

摘　　要：目的:考察两组不同离心训练背景的女性运动员在跳深动作中下肢生物力学的特征及运动表现的差异,探讨长期下肢离心训练是否在预防前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament, ACL)损伤方面具有积极作用。方法:招募女性大学生运动员24名,并根据有无离心训练经验将其分为跳跃组(跑跳类田径运动员,n=12)和非跳跃组(游泳运动员,n=12),所有受试者完成优势侧膝关节等速肌力测试[向心/离心120(°)/s]和40 cm高度跳深动作测试,采集并分析测试动作相关运动学、动力学及表面肌电信号。结果:1)在膝关节等速肌力中,跳跃组表现出更大的膝伸肌离心肌力和膝屈肌向心肌力(P<0.05),但H∶Q无显著性差异。2)在跳深动作中,跳跃组表现出更高的重心腾空高度和更短的动作完成时间(P<0.05)。3)在跳深动作中,跳跃组表现出更小的着地跖屈角,髋、膝、踝关节ROM,膝关节离心功及贡献度,更大的踝关节离心功贡献度和更高的垂直地面反作用力(P<0.05),两组运动员着地膝屈角未表现出显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:长期下肢离心训练能够有效增强膝关节肌肉力量和提高跳跃表现,但可能并不能有效预防或降低女性跳跃运动员ACL损伤风险。Objective: To investigate the differences in lower extremity biomechanical characteristics and sports performance during drop jump between two groups of female jumpers with different centrifugal training backgrounds, and to explore whether long-term plyometric training of lower extremity has a positive effect in preventing ACL injury. Methods: Twenty-four female college athletes are recruited and divided into jumpers(running and jumping track-and-field athletes, n=12) and non-jumpers(swimming athletes, n=12) based on plyometric training experience. All participants complete two tests: An isokinetic muscle strength test of the knee joint for the dominant leg at 120(°)/s and a 40 cm drop jump test. The kinematics, dynamics, and surface electromyography data related to the test are collected and analyzed synchronously. Results:1) In the isokinetic muscle strength test of knee joints, the jumpers exhibit greater centrifugal muscle strength of knee extensors and centripetal muscle strength of knee flexors(P<0.05), but there is no significant difference in the hamstrings to quadriceps(H∶Q) ratio. 2) In the drop jump test, the jumpers exhibit a higher height of the center of gravity and shorter movement completion time(P<0.05). 3) In the drop jump test, the jumpers show reduced landing plantarflexion angle, decreased ROM of the hip, knee, and ankle joints, decreased centrifugal work contribution of knee joints, increased centrifugal work contribution of ankle joints, and higher vertical ground reaction force(VGRF)(P<0.05). There is no significant difference in the landing knee flexion angles between the jumpers and non-jumpers(P>0.05). Conclusions: Longterm plyometric training of lower extremity is effective in enhancing knee joint muscle strength and improving jumping performance, but may not be effective in preventing or reducing the risk of ACL injury in female jumpers.

关 键 词：超等长训练 女性运动员 跳深动作 下肢生物力学 前交叉韧带损伤 

分 类 号：G804.6[文化科学—运动人体科学]